ORGANISATIONS. 379 



its interior is situated a so-called royal residence, with cham- 

 bers and galleries around for the attendants.' 



2. The republican. Republics have been described in the 

 ant and bee (Figuier), in horses, dogs, and other animals. The 

 commonwealths of the street dogs of Constantinople, with their 

 curious regulations, have been described quite recently by the 

 ' Times ' correspondent there, 1 as they have also formed the 

 subject of remark by Watson and other writers. Communities 

 or societies of wasps live on terms of equality ; they are free 

 citizens of free cities, with no paupers ; there are no despots 

 and no despotism, according to Westwood and Figuier. But 

 the same form of government, which by one observer or writer 

 is termed a monarchy, with a king or queen at its head, is by 

 another described as a republic, with a male or female presi- 

 dent. It is quite immaterial how we speak of this or that 

 system of polity in this or that genus or species of animals. 

 The essential feature one of importance in many ways is 

 the government of a community or society, of a band or troop, 

 flock or herd, family or other group of individuals, species or 

 genera, large or small, by a leader or chief. 



The consideration of this form of government embraces 

 the following features of interest : 



1. The principle of selection, and election or appoint- 

 ment. 



2. Competition and ambition for rule and their results. 



3. The subjection of the weak to the strong in body, mind, 

 will. 



4. The use and abuse of authority, including the power of 

 command. 



5. The appreciation of insignia of office or status. 



6. The value attached to the possession of power and 

 place. 



In various forms leaders, governors, chiefs, commanders, 

 patriarchs, masters, rulers, or heads, are to be found in many 

 social animals, directing and defending the groups into which 

 they are divided. They occur, for instance, among or in wild, 

 military, and pack horses, Eskimo dog teams, bands of 

 smuggling dogs or of dogs in Eastern towns, such as Con- 

 1 During the Servo-Turkish war in January 1876. 



