ORGANISATIONS. 381 



Anatolia, and other parts of Asia Minor, is frequently em- 

 ployed .... as leader of a caravan of camels ; for, contrary 

 to the prejudices of the West, in Oriental lands Lon gears en- 

 joys the reputation of being the most intelligent of hoofed 

 beasts ' (Hseckel). Mares are employed as leaders of droves 

 of mules in Central America. The latter animals have a high 

 respect for and pride in the horse as a 'distinguished relative;' 

 hence they willingly accept a mare as their queen (Wood). 



Man himself frequently becomes the leader of his flocks 

 or herds, as in the case of shepherds in the East, who 

 literally * lead ' do not drive, as ours do their flocks. Man 

 is recognised literally and figuratively as its ' governor ' by 

 the dog ; his right to command is freely acknowledged ; 

 the propriety of his orders or actions is, as a rule, not dis- 

 puted. And it is important to note that in this case it some- 

 times, at least, happens that he gains and wields his wonder- 

 ful power over other animals by the exercise of kindness, not 

 of terrorism by the supremacy of love, not of fear. Thus 

 the command of the shepherd over his sheep in primitive 

 countries, where the use of the sheep dog is unknown for 

 instance, in Palestine is acquired by his constant associa- 

 tion with his sheep, by his habitual kindly usage, whereby 

 confidence in, and attachment to, his person or personality 

 are produced. 



Not only so, but man educates certain animals to be 

 leaders and certain others to be followers ; he trains the one 

 to command, the other to obedience. He selects, for instance, 

 certain rams or wethers, training them to command certain 

 sheep, while he educates and accustoms the sheep to follow 

 and obey the said leaders. The leader ram himself comes to 

 understand and obey man's directions or commands, as given 

 whether by signal or gesture, or in the form of verbal lan- 

 guage, answering at once to his call ; and, as the result of 

 similar patient and kindly tuition, the whole of the flock 

 learn to understand and obey the orders or directions of 

 their wether (Touatt). 



It is man, also, who selects the leaders in the case of 

 Eskimo dog teams (Parry), and the horse-leaders of Eastern 

 caravans (Macgregor) or of waggon teams (Pierquin). 



