ORGANISATIONS. 387 



and regulate public business and he tells us, moreover, that 

 these governors or presidents of communities, occasionally 

 at least, excel their fellows in size and strength as well as in 

 force of character. 



Whatever be the character or duties of an animal leader, 

 whether he be military or civil, ruling during peace or called 

 to the front by some great emergency, his supremacy is duly 

 acknowledged by those whom he commands, as a general 

 rule, so long as he can make good his claim to supre- 

 macy or show a proper title to obedience, deference, and 

 respect. Whether the chief be a member of the same 

 species, or belong to a different species or genus whether 

 he be man himself or some other animal there is the same 

 kind of subordination to a superior, of subjection to com- 

 mand and rule, of appreciation of superiority in the form of 

 constituted authority. This sort of respect and obedience 

 includes that which is shown in many cases by the young 

 to parents or elders. 



All this is the rule ; but it is one that has frequent ex- 

 ceptions ; for, as has already been seen, rebellion against 

 constituted authority is far from uncommon. Such insubordi- 

 nation occurs in a variety of forms. For instance, there is 

 frequently a refusal of obedience to man on the part of the 

 dog, horse, elephant, or other animals that are usually sub- 

 missive. Frequently, however, an obvious and intelligible 

 reason is to be found for such disobedience either in ill- 

 usage by man or in disease on the part of the animal. Thus 

 rebellion against tyranny, oppression, injustice, or other 

 forms of ill-usage is as legitimate, and even commendable, 

 in other animals as in man the pity being, in the case of 

 other animals, that it is man too frequently who is their 

 tyrant or oppressor, the cruel despot who has not the sense 

 to consider even his own personal interests in the govern- 

 ment of subject animals. 



In the case of animal leaders of all kinds there is a dis- 

 tinct specialisation of duty, work, or business, a very decided 

 division of labour. But this division of labour this alloca- 

 tion of work or duty occurs among the lower animals in a 

 great many other, even more familiar forms. Thus it is 



