LAW AND PUNISHMENT. 399 



h. Other forms or kinds of property. 



2. Eank or status, with its accompanying respect or 

 deference. 



They may therefore be said to have rights conjugal, 

 territorial, proprietary, parental, filial, which they are called 

 upon to assert and maintain, and which they also usurp 

 or infringe. Such rights, as in man, are individual or cor- 

 porate ; they form the subject of dispute and struggle. 



Wrongs are equally admitted and redressed in certain 

 cases, whether they relate to individuals or communities. 



For all kinds of constituted authority various animals 

 have respect, and they show it by their obedience in certain 

 cases, while they mutiny or rebel against it in others. Some 

 of them have systems or forms of government including the 



1. Monarchical in the bee. 



2. Republican, communal, or communistic in ants. 



3. Patriarchal that of leaders or chiefs in the wild 

 horse, ass, and elephant. 



4. Parental in dogs, cats, monkeys and apes, and many 

 other animals. 



5. Domestic in monogamous animals. 



6. Social. 



The dog and other animals may be trained to respect the 

 authority or supremacy of man, to obey his laws that is, 

 the rules, unwritten, unprinted, even unspoken frequently, 

 that he lays down nevertheless for their guidance. These 

 laws are understood, and evaded or infringed, when they are 

 not obeyed. To the dog, horse, elephant, and other tame or 

 domestic animals, indeed, man's will may be said to be their 

 laiv. They recognise him as their lawgiver, and soon learn 

 to distinguish what is forbidden from what is permitted by 

 him. Not only so, but certain animals are trained to act 

 efficiently as administrators of man's laws, as his police, or his 

 executioners. Thus elephant and dog police or executioners 

 have been taught to capture runaways or deserters, whether 

 these are ponies, sheep, or men, and to punish them summa- 

 rily in the case of man by crushing to death or throttling 

 (Watson). 



Wood asserts that the laws of precedence and etiquette 

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