410 USE OF NATURAL INSTRUMENTS. 



said to be tool- or weapon-makers, just as they are indubit- 

 ably tool- or weapon-users. They may surely be said so far 

 to form their own tools or weapons when they break off 

 portions of the stems or branches of trees, stripping the 

 foliage or not, as may be desirable, so as to form sticks, 

 cudgels, or clubs, fans or whisks, sunshades, bedclothes, or 

 huts, or when the chimpanzee constructs a drum out of a 

 piece of dead wood (Houzeau). 



In the first place, then, many of the lower animals use 

 either their whole bodies or portions of them such as the 

 back, shoulder, arms and legs, fingers, toes, or claws, hands, 

 paws, hoofs or feet, cheeks, mouth, jaws or teeth, beaks or 

 bills, nose, proboscis, mandibles or antennae, heads or horns, 

 spines, fins or flippers, tails or wings, spurs or other appen- 

 dages either as tools or weapons, as circumstances may 

 require. 



The Quadrmnana use their arms in a very humanlike 

 fashion in the carrying about of their infants, and in various 

 kinds of embrace. The anthropoid apes carry their infants 

 either in their arms, after the usual European fashion, or 

 perch them upon their backs or shoulders the latter being 

 customary to this day among Egyptian women, as I have 

 myself seen. The orang-utan swims with its infant perched 

 on one shoulder, using one of its arms and hands to hold 

 the infant in position (Pierquin). Baboons and other apes 

 carry their young on their backs (Houzeau) an operation 

 that requires the use of the arm both of mother and child. 

 Diana monkeys carry each other on their backs (Cassell). 

 The soko (Livingstone), ouistiti monkey, and various apes 

 (Houzeau) and monkeys (Miss Gordon Cumming) carry 

 their young in front of the chest, as human mothers or 

 nurses do, and fondle or * dandle ' them in the same way. 

 Miss Gordon Cumming tells us of monkeys in India ' nursing 

 their babies as tenderly as a woman .... sometimes 

 carrying a baby in each arm,' or the babies were seen ' sit- 

 ting on their (mothers') backs, with their little arms round 

 the parental necks.' They sometimes also run on all fours, 

 * with the baby slung below and grasping the parental body. 

 Sometimes the young one sits on the shoulder or astride on 



