412 USE OF NATUKAL INSTRUMENTS. 



1. In greeting, by offering and shaking hands. 



2. In expressing grief or distress, by the wringing to- 

 gether of their own hands ; or anger, by rubbing them 

 together. 



3. In giving blows or fisticuffs with the hand clenched. 



4. In using the closed fist threateningly, or in passion ; 

 or 



5. In waving or warning off the hand being either 

 open or shut. 



6. In the use of natural weapons such as sticks, fruits, 

 or stones as missiles or otherwise, or of instruments such 

 as drumsticks. 



7. In the use of man's instruments such as oars, 

 pump-handles, jugs or pots, ropes, brooms or besoms, pestle 

 and mortar. 



8. In shading their eyes from the sun. 



9. In using the hollowed hand as a drinking vessel. 



10. In warming their outspread hands before a fire. 



11. In washing their own faces or hands, or those of 

 their young. 



12. In making beds. 



13. In receiving food or other gifts. 



Various apes and monkeys shake hands with men, fre- 

 quently taking the initiative by offering their hands first 

 (Lady Verney). A young, and necessarily wild, soko ' held 

 out her hand to be shaken ' (Livingstone). The chimpanzee 

 presents its hanjd in greeting or thanksgiving (Houzeau). 

 The lori exhibits its attachment to man by squeezing his 

 fingers (Cassell), and various monkeys or apes do the same. 



The closed or clenched fist is used in boxing with each 

 other or with man, in chastising each other, in defiance, 

 threatening, or passion. The orang-utan uses its fists as 

 weapons both of offence and defence (Cassell). Yarious apes 

 punish each other by fist blows (Pierquin). The soko slaps 

 the cheek of the native whom it attacks, beats off intruders 

 with its fists and yells, and an attempted abduction of a fe- 

 male leads all his companions to box and bite the abductor 

 (Livingstone). The great chacma baboon fisticuffs its young 

 for practical irreverential jokes, such as pulling its tail 



