USE OF CLOTHING AND SHELTER. 443 



historic peoples, some ancient savage races, such as the 

 Caribs, and also some existing savages, made or make use of 

 the natural shelter afforded by rocks, caves, forests, or trees. 

 The Australian aborigines and other races, semi-civilised as 

 well as primitive, have no fixed dwelling-place, are true 

 nomads ; and their tents or huts, when they have any, are 

 of a temporary and trivial character. 



The South African Bushmen live ' in holes in the earth, 

 dug out with their hands ' (Biichner). According to the 

 missionary Sicherer they ' live in holes dug in the earth 

 .... thatched with reeds so badly put together that the 

 rain pours through. Here they lie close, like pigs in a 

 stye. They have neither huts nor sheds.' Their houses, 

 according to the Rev. Dr. Moffatt, are mere holes in the 

 earth, lined with grass, covered with tree branches. The huts 

 of many Central African savages resemble externally the 

 ant-hills of Termites (Adanson). There are no dwellings, or 

 no fixed ones, among the Dokos. The natives of the 

 Philippine Islands and' Borneo sleep under trees, or on trees, 

 or in caves. The ape men of India also live in trees. The 

 Apache Indians sleep in hollows of the ground (Biichner). 

 Where constructed abodes occur in primitive or savage man 

 they resemble those of many animals in the equal absence in 

 their construction of calculation, science, and art (Houzeau). 

 The Veddas of Ceylon, according to Hartshorne, live in 

 forests without dwellings, or they shelter themselves in caves 

 or hollow tree-trunks, or roost on trees. Dwellings are 

 most primitive in the Andaman Islands (Owen). The 

 Bukones ' roost ' in trees on a platform of sticks, as do also 

 certain of the anthropoid apes. These human dwellings are 

 nests rather than huts, though covered with a cone-shaped 

 roof, also of sticks, thatched with grass (Lady Yerney). 



The wild people the jungle dwarfs of the Western 

 Ghats in the Tinnivelly district of India have no fixed dwell- 

 ings or dwelling-places. They ' sleep in any convenient spot, 

 generally between two rocks, or in caves near which they 

 happen to be benighted ' (Bond). These wild folk of the hill 

 jungles of the Madras Presidency are in reality modern 

 troglodytes or cave-dwellers, the representatives of those 



