228 Modern Dogs. 



the stifle only slightly bent, and the hind legs 

 not too far apart from one another. Free from 

 dew claws. 



" Muscles. Those of the hindquarters, shoulders, 

 and chest should be long and not convex. 



" Pasterns. Short. 



" Feet. Long toes, closely joined together, short 

 and strong nails, and the animal should stand more 

 on the nails than on the heel. 



" Coat. Soft, long, silky, and wavy, and in places 

 somewhat curly. The feet should be covered with 

 fur like a hare. 



" Tail. Long and sickle-shaped. 



" The male should in general be shorter in body 

 than the female. It should be possible to place 

 the male in a square, so that the withers, toes 

 of forefeet, and heels of hind legs should be placed 

 within the limits of the four lines forming it." 



In Russia, although judging dogs by points is 

 in vogue, the procedure connected therewith is 

 arranged on different lines to that followed in this 

 country. For instance, forty-five is taken as the 

 complement indicating perfection, and each point of 

 the dog is given five, no particular one having a 

 greater number allowed than another. However, to 

 modify this the various points are placed in order of 

 precedence, according to the Russian standard, they 



