RIDING AND TRAINING. 153 



vigorous leap and the action of the hind-legs are 

 caused by a stroke of the whip behind the girths as 

 the horse is about to leave the ground. 



The two remaining airs of the manage are now 

 seldom practised, and they are best taught in the 

 pillars. The first of these is the Bolotade, which is 

 a leap similar to the croupade, except that instead 

 of bringing the hind-legs under the belly, they are 

 thrust out behind, so that the two shoes would be 

 seen by one standing in rear of the horse. The 

 Capriole, the most vigorous of all the school move- 

 ments, is like a high bolotade with the kick, from 

 both hind-legs, delivered with full force. The kick, 

 which characterises the bolotade and the capriole, is 

 taught, in the pillars, by strokes of the whip upon 

 the hind-quarters as the horse makes the leap, and 

 in riding is demanded by a blow of the whip upon 

 the rump. 



The earliest work upon horsemanship, of which 

 we know anything, was written by Simo, a Greek, 

 500 years or more before our era. Xenophon, the 

 soldier-historian, compiled a treatise upon the sub- 

 ject, with Simo's work as a basis. It is probable 

 that Pliny the Elder was also, as is reported, the 

 author of a book on riding, but no copy of it is in 

 existence, nor have we remaining to us any work 



