154 ROAD, PARK, AND SCHOOL 



upon the subject between Xenophon and Grison of 

 Naples, who issued a work upon the manage in 1552. 

 This last- mentioned date is given by all the modern 

 writers as the revival of horsemanship, when Grison, 

 Pignatelli, and their immediate followers, were 

 handed down to fame by the newly invented pro- 

 cess of multiplying books by printing. Horseman- 

 ship had never been neglected, and there was a 

 revival only in the sense that printing spread a 

 knowledge of an art which grows by degrees. The 

 Greeks improved upon the barbarians, the Romans 

 upon the Greeks, the Italians upon the Romans, 

 the French upon the Italians, and the general rules 

 of the manage are more perfect and more generally 

 known to-day than ever before. We know that 

 the Greeks understood the principles of bitting, and 

 practised their horses in leaping, in the career (short 

 courses at a rapid pace, with sharp turns at each 

 end), and even in the demi-pesade ; that the Romans 

 had places (hippodromes) in which they exercised 

 their horses and taught them various movements, 

 now known as the amble, the piaffer, and the 

 Spanish march; that when Grison wrote, in 1552, 

 the finished airs of the curvet and capriole were 

 known, for all that he invented was a method of 

 teaching the pirouette, then called the Ciametta. 

 When we consider that at so early a period 



