CHAP, v.] THE ORGAN. 191 



instrument has become more exact and sure, and it is increased in 

 compass, power, and sonorousness. We can judge of this from 

 some details relative to some newly-constructed organs. 



In France the most remarkable are undoubtedly the organs of 

 Saint Denis and those of Notre Dame, and Saint Sulpice in Paris. 

 A French maker, whose name is generally associated with these 

 magnificent instruments, is M. Cavaille-C.oll. 1 In England, the most 

 remarkable instruments are those of St. George's Hall, Liverpool, 

 by Willis, and the great organ, Primrose Hill, London, by Bryceson 

 Brothers. 



A word now on the bellows. We read the following in the 

 official report on the inauguration of the great organ at Notre 

 Dame : 



. " The wind arrangement is composed of a large alimentary 

 bellows, with double reservoir. This, with four pairs of pumps, 

 can supply about 400 litres of air per second, and with the bellows 

 at high pressure, having two pairs of pumps, will furnish 200 

 litres of air per second. Besides the four large regulator reser- 

 voirs placed in proximity with the wind-trunks which they feed, 

 there are also in the interior of the organ two large regulator reser- 

 voirs at high pressure, four other regulator reservoirs for the ech6, the 

 large choir, and the trebles of the choir, clavier, and full organ ; a 

 great number of air-receivers placed in different parts of the organ, 

 and fitted with springs to avoid every kind of alteration in the pres- 

 sure of the wind." 



The utility of these various reservoirs, which do not contain less 

 than 25,000 litres of compressed air, will be understood if we think 

 that each pipe uses more than a centilitre of air per second, whilst the 

 large thirty-two feet pipes each absorb 70 litres during the same 

 time. 



We have stated the simple mechanism which connects the move- 

 ment of the keys of the clavier with the valves corresponding to a 

 certain series of pipes. The fatigue due to resistance felt by the 

 organist has been greatly alleviated by Barker's invention of the 



1 The following may be named as the principal makers who have contributed to 

 the improvement of the organ. In France, Messrs. Cavaille-Coll and Barker (an 

 Englishman) ; in Germany, Messrs. Sehultz, Topfer, Walker, and the Abbe Vogler ; 

 and in England, Messrs^ Bishop, Hill, Gray, Willis, and Bryceson Brothers. 



