CHAP. I.] 



THE ART OF WARMING. 



At the present time, or rather since the time of Ganger l (1713) and 

 Kumford, the fire has been placed forward in such a way as to afford 

 a wider scope for direct radiation. Besides this the inner sides of 

 the jambs are cut off by surfaces of glazed earthenware or steel 

 placed obliquely, or sometimes in the form of a parabola. In this 

 way the rays which would not otherwise reach the room are reflected 

 and contribute to the warmth. 



FIG. 232. An ancient fireplace : utilisation and 

 loss of heat. 



FIG. 238. A modern fireplace : radiati* 

 of the heat. 



The opening of the grate is contracted above to the point where 

 the chimney commences, which has the double advantage of in- 

 creasing the draught and of preventing the smoke from escaping 

 into the room. This effect is further increased by the use of movable 

 blowers, which are pieces of sheet iron which can be raised or lowered 



1 Author of a work, of which the following is the title : La Mccanique du Fen; 

 on, L'Art cVen augmenter les Effeis et <l'ut ^iminucr la Depense : Traite </<-* 

 nouwlles Cheminees gui fahaujfent plus </>/< ha Cheminees or<h'i)<iir<s, et qui n? 

 gont point sujettes a f inner. Paris, MDCCXIII. 



