CHAP. VIM.] KTEAM NAVIGATION. 445 



C H A P T E H VIII. 



STEAM NAVIGATION. 



I. MARINE ENGINES. 



ONE hundred and two years elapsed between the first actual 

 industrial application of the steam-engine and the definite 

 fixing of one in a ship of which it was to be the mover between 

 Newcomen and Fulton. 



Yet neither the original idea nor attempts at carrying it out were 



wanting. 



We must go back to Papin again for the first clear statement of 

 the idea of this application which was destined to have, a century 

 later, so considerable a development. In 1695, 1 he pointed out the 

 possibility of applying the force of steam " for rowing against the 

 wind;" and remarked "how far preferable this force would be to 

 that of galley slaves for quick motion on the sea ; " and he proposed 

 to substitute " turning oars " for ordinary oars ; and he puzzled him- 

 self to find some machinery for .obtaining a continuous motion of 

 rotation. 



More than this, it appears established that in 1707, Papin had 

 put this idea, which he had only indicated before, into execution, 

 and that he had a steam-engine actually constructed and placed in 

 the vessel it was intended to move. He embarked at Cassel, on the 

 river Fulda, and, after having reached Mtinden (Hanover), he pro- 

 posed to continue his journey by the Weser as far as Great Britain, 

 when the watermen of the river, rising against the great man and 

 this invention that seemed to menace their craft, broke the boat and 

 the engine to pieces. 



1 Collection printed at Cassel. An extract from the Ada JEruditorum of Leipzig. 



