PLANTS CULTIVATED FOR THEIR SEEDS. 399 



plant was cultivated in Egypt in more ancient times.^ 

 In the Middle Ages^ and in our own day it is one of the 

 principal objects of cultivation in that country, especially 

 for the manufacture of opium. Hebrew writings do not 

 mention the species. On the other hand, there are one 

 or two Sanskrit names, Piddington gives chosa, and 

 Adolphe Pictet khaskhasa, which recurs, he says, in the 

 Persian chasJichdsh, the Armenian chashchash,^ and in 

 Arabic. Another Persian name is kouknar.^ These 

 names, and others I could quote, very different from the 

 Tiiaikon (Mii/Kwv) of the Greeks, are an indication of an 

 ancient cultivation in Europe and Western Asia. If the 

 species was first cultivated in prehistoric time in Greece, 

 as appears probable, it may have spread eastward before 

 the Aryan invasion of India, but it is strange that there 

 should be no pi'oof of its extension into Palestine and 

 Egypt before the Roman epoch. It is also possible that 

 in JEurope the variety called Papaver setigerum, emj^loyed 

 by the Swiss lake-dwellers, was first cultivated, and that 

 the variety now grown came from Asia Minor, where the 

 species has been cultivated for at least three thousand 

 years. This theory is supported by the existence of the 

 Greek name 7)iaik6n, in Dorian niakon, in sev^eral Slav 

 languages, and in those of the peoples to the south of the 

 Caucasus, under the form mack.^ 



The cultivation of the poppy in India has been 

 recently extended, because of the importation of opium 

 into China ; but the Chinese will soon cease to vex the 

 English by buying this poison of them, for they are be- 

 ginning eagerly to produce it themselves. The poppy is 

 now grown over more than half of their territory.^ The 

 species is never wild in the east of Asia, and even as 

 regards China its cultivation is recent.' 



* Unger, Die Tflanze als Errerungs und Betailbungsmittel, p. 47 ; Die 

 Pflavzen des Alien JSgypfens, i. p. 50. 



* Ebn Baithar, German trans., i. p. 64. 



' Ad. Pictet, Origines Indo-Europeennes, edit. 3, vol. i. p. 3G3. 



* Ain:ilie, Mat. Med. Indica, i. p. 326. 



* Nemnich, Polygl. Lexicon, p. 848. 



* Martin, in Bull. Soc. d'Acclimatation, 1872, p. 200. 



* Sir J. Hooker, Flora of Brit. Ind., i. p. 117; Bretschneider, Study 

 and Value, etc., 47. 



