MENTAL AND SOCIAL EVOLUTION 149 



where his reasoning took an entirely different form. 

 The right of private property, barter and sale of pro- 

 duction, characteristic of our civilization, but unknown 

 in savagery, have brought with them the crimes pecu- 

 liar to them, and changed the reason of its personal 

 units into a channel conformed to the support of these 

 economical conditions. Whether we could have the evi- 

 dent advantages of civilization, without the crimes is 

 doubtful, and yet civilization could not revert to sav- 

 agery, for the sake of its equality of individuals. 



Commiseration of the conditions in savagery is 

 wasted, because such conditions are perfectly compati- 

 ble with its mental and physical development, and per- 

 haps contain as few proportionate necessary evils, as 

 does our civilization. The freedom and equality of sav- 

 age tribes have never been maintained, when the brain 

 development advanced such tribes, to a civilized condi- 

 tion. Tribal governments are almost pure democracies. 

 So that "Jemmy," by rejoining his tribe, became an 

 equal with his associates, socially and politically, and 

 this fact undoubtedly determined him not to return to 

 England. It is not necessary to mention, what his 

 social and political status would have been had he 

 chosen to remain in England, to which he was wholly 

 unadapted. 



There was no slavery in the clans, gentes, tribes of 

 the Indians; nor of any people at that stage of their 

 evolution, because production was enjoyed in common, 

 and was not a commodity. As soon as private prop- 

 erty came to be protected, commercialism, and slavery 

 arose. These needed stronger protection, than the 

 tribe could, or would give them. Hence, the state was 

 formed with police power, and militarism, under which, 

 the exploitation of the weak by the strong, was legal- 



