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is with the knife." This would be understood better, 

 if the brain were comparable with the knife, and con- 

 sciousness with the sharp edge. The edge of the knife 

 is part of the structure of the blade. It is not anything 

 different, or separate from the material of the blade. 

 He says, "Thus, from the fact that two brains, like 

 that of the ape and that of the man, are very much 

 alike, we cannot conclude, that the corresponding con- 

 sciousness are comparable, or commeasurable. " The 

 two brains are alike only in the organic-chemical com- 

 position of their tissues, but they are very much unlike 

 in size, shape, and especially in the relative sizes of 

 the cerebrum, compared with the cerebellum. They 

 are unlike throughout the nervous systems, that of 

 man being very much more complete. The ape, as far 

 as his brain can give him choice, as far as it can give 

 him power of action, does things just as man does them. 

 That is, to that extent, he and man are parallel, in con- 

 sciousness. Therefore, his is not a different kind of 

 consciousness, but of the same kind, in less degree. 

 When man's brain evolved beyond that of the ape's, it 

 did not take on a new kind of matter, but the same 

 kind, in larger and better proportions. This, it is, that 

 makes man's consciousness, or psychical activity so 

 much greater in degree only, than that of the ape. 

 The same energy that gives the ape his life and mind 

 is derived in the same way from the same sources, as 

 that of man. How can it be truthfully said then, that 

 the "mind" of the ape is different in kind from that 

 of man? 



There is little doubt but that at one period of man's 

 evolution he did things just as the animal now does, 

 and could not do any more or any differently. The dif- 

 ference between him now and then is an evolution of 



