182 UNIVERSAL EVOLUTION 



modifications, that eventually occurred in the throat 

 and lungs, were followed later on by the power of 

 articulation, which prior to such changes was not 

 possible. The freeing of his hands from mere aids to 

 locomotion has, also, enabled him to contrive and con- 

 struct. Indeed, man first appeared, when a tool lay 

 beside the fire, he had built. With this tool, or a modi- 

 fication of it, he has carved his way to be monarch of 

 all he surveys. The animal, on the contrary, has never 

 invented, nor used tool, or fire. It works only with 

 the natural organs born with him. He therefore can- 

 not compete with man physically, or mentally, but 

 originally and organically, there was no difference of 

 kind in their instincts ; but when man stood erect, and 

 began to use fire and tools, intelligence was added to 

 instinct, by an enlargement of the cerebrum, and the 

 multiplications of its nerve connections in the body. 

 He then began to choose new ways of fighting the 

 natural forces, which before had kept him down, and 

 which now keep the lower orders in the mental stagna- 

 tion, now characteristic of them. But, this was not 

 accomplished by the addition of matter of a different 

 kind to that which prior to that human function, he 

 already possessed. Instinct is confined to one way of 

 doing things. Intelligence chooses from several ways 

 open to it. The bird, the ant and the bee repeat, for 

 all time, the pattern house and nest, and never rise to 

 invention. They build as well, if not better, than man 

 at first did, when instinct alone bound him down to 

 use only the tools that nature gave him. But a genuine 

 departure, a separation began, when fire and tool mak- 

 ing, reacting on the brain of man, started him on the 

 road to invention and choice. Certain instincts re- 

 mained with him, and by long use certain habits, like 



