250 UNIVERSAL EVOLUTION 



morality, but also for the most subtle altruism. It has 

 caused, also, the greater growth of his brain and psy- 

 chical device. These have rendered him far superior to 

 other animals in his acquired powers of defense and sup- 

 port. The morality, altruism and intellect are, therefore, 

 natural evolutions from the physical nature of man. If 

 sociality is essential to his proper sustentation, and de- 

 fense against enemies, the increase of the number who 

 stand together for these purposes should increase the 

 tenacity with which they stand together, and render 

 the aggregate body more weighty and enduring; and 

 thus evolve a natural civilization. If all mankind should 

 stand mutually on the same moral and intellectual basis, 

 that would be the brotherhood of man. 



The necessity for men to combine in societies for mu- 

 tual protection and advancement compels them to adopt 

 such laws and customs as will promote the public welfare, 

 and at the same time the happiness of the individuals. 

 It is easy to trace to this fact the evolution of love of 

 man for his wife and children, and to a less degree of 

 his fellow men in general; hence the evolution of the 

 gens, the tribe, the confederation, the state, and the 

 nation, in succession; hence patriotism, and all virtues. 

 The highest evolution from this necessity is the brother- 

 hood of mankind, which will eventually come, by the 

 working of the same natural evolution. 



Man may fill the earth with written codes of morality, 

 which can be changed by the same hands which \vrote 

 them, but the unwritten laws of nature never change; 

 and no human hand can make them other than they are, 

 always have been, and alw r ays will be. 



This natural kind of human ethics (adaptation to 

 nature and to each other) . is not confined to the human 

 being. All the lower animals exhibit it in certain de- 



