268 UNIVERSAL EVOLUTION 



anything else that man ever did, or taught, or from 

 any inspiration ever given him during all the thousands 

 of years of his previous labor, philosophisings, and 

 forming of ethical codes." Richardson, in "Industrial 

 Problems." 



In fact, all advancement in ethics, art, in literature, 

 in philosophy, in civilization, followed from some new 

 industrial, economic relation, discovered by man in 

 nature, making it easier for him to supply his wants. 



Darwin's comments on the "moral sense" in chapter 

 4 of "Descent of Man," are acute and elaborate. And 

 he connects it as a fundamental growth in a clear way, 

 with the principle of evolution. Conscience is a pure 

 product of the long continued habits of the social 

 unit. Whatever the customs of the gens, or tribe 

 require, is moral. The remorse comes when these 

 customs are violated. It makes no difference whether 

 these customs accord or not, with our ideas of morality, 

 they are moral to the members of the gens, or tribe, 

 and that gives satisfaction to the individual, who con- 

 forms to that custom, and remorse when he violates it. 

 And who is to judge except the tribe itself, whether 

 such customs are not in accordance with the best wel- 

 fare of the gens, at the period of such customs? 



Morality has widened, and become more humane, as 

 the customs within the tribe, pertaining to the attitude 

 of the individuals thereof to each other, have been 

 extended to all human beings of every tribe, or nation. 

 Tn primitive tribes murder, robbery, treachery and 

 such crimes were not legal within the gens, but were 

 not considered criminal when practiced against other 

 gentes, or tribes. This does not differ very greatly 

 from some customs of civilized countries, in their 

 methods of bringing on war. Customs could only be 



