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incongruousness, of the image, that is, its departure 

 from the normal, will depend on the degree of lesion 

 of the brain centers, excited to the production of 

 images.- The voice of the operator is the exciting cause. 



Binet and Fere have proved by experiments in hypno- 

 tism in the Saltpetriere at Paris, France, that the 

 hallucinations are images formed upon the sensory 

 centers, not true, of course, but they are immediate 

 experiences of the deluded subject. It is the same, 

 with illusions of the sane, e. g., when one person is 

 mistaken for another. The similarity of the immediate 

 sensory image formed upon the visual center, to the 

 one it recalls from memory, produces the conclusion 

 that they are one and the same, by the two images 

 perfectly fusing. The illusion is not dissipated, until 

 a new image, 'formed by a closer inspection, produces 

 a new, and truer, perception of the true objective. But 

 the hallucination, whether produced in hypnotism, in- 

 sanity, or in mistaken identity, brings no knowledge, 

 because it lacks the essential element of truthful ob- 

 jectivity. 



The importance of this process of sensation, and 

 images, resulting from the conveyance of the sensation 

 to the central cortex, and to the memory of former 

 sensations, cannot well be overstated, because memory 

 replaces the absent sensation, and is thus a supple- 

 mentary sense. It is also reasoning, freed from the 

 condition of time and space. Memory is the seeing 

 of the past, as if it were in the present, and reasoning, 

 being a passage from the known to the unknown, is 

 seeing the future. There could be no reasoning with- 

 out memory. Perception, being thus the known pro- 

 duct of three images, is parallel with the three terms 

 of a syllogism, and is thus reasoning logically, and the 

 same as knowledge. 



