SOIL 



In judging soil, fairly accurate work may be done by noting 

 growth which the soil supports. 



Maple, oak, red gum denote rich clay, very little sand if any. 



Poplar, birch and mixed growth of bushes show more sand, not 

 so much loami. 



Pine denotes sandy, porous soil which is usually of poor quaHty. 



Elm, brown or black ash, indicate deep, rich soil. 



LUMBER MEASURE 



Lumber is generally bought and sold by board measure. The 

 unit of board measure is the board foot — a foot square and an 

 inch thick. A board 18 feet long, 9 inches wide and 1 inch thick 

 containes U% board feet. 9x18=162. 162-12=13>^ board feet. 



TIMBER MEASURE 



Timber squared is usually sold by the cubic foot. Example: A 

 stick of timber 16 ft. long, 10 in. wide and 8 in. thick contains 8t 

 cu. ft. 8x10x16^144=81. 



One-half of the sum of the end diameters of a log, excluding 

 the thickness of the bark, is called its mean diameter. 



The number of board feet of square edged inch boards that can 

 be sawed from a log 30 ft. long and 24 in. in diameter is 750 feet. 

 Example: 24-4=20'=400-16=25. 25x30=750 ft. Diameter used, 

 mean, the diameter at middle of log. A board foot is tV of a cu. ft. 



SURVEYORS' MEASURE 



Table 



7.92 inches = 1 link. 

 100 links = 1 chain. 

 80 chains = 1 statute mile. 



1 chain = 4 rods = 22 yds. = 66 ft. = 792 inches. 

 A pace = 2}4 ft. in ordinary walking, but 3.3 ft., or i of a rod 

 in stepping distances. 



