624 APPENDIX 



four miles at an altitude just below that of perpetual snow. 

 Peak X, which we ascended to a height of 13,240 ft., lies over the 

 watershed on the north side, and is not visible from the south. 

 On the northern side there are many outlying peaks, — spurs of 

 the main ridge and equal to it in height. The most prominent 

 of these are Nos. XI, XII, XIII, XIV, and XV. Between Peaks 

 XIV and XV is an alpine region, which I was unable to fill 

 in in detail ; the configuration of this part of the actual 

 watershed remains doubtful. I think that there is a wide ex- 

 panse of snow-field, and that the range is deeper here than else- 

 where, which hindered me from recognizing — from the north — 

 my old points such as Peaks II to VII. 



The culminating point of Karlik Tagh was estimated by the 

 first explorers at 12,000 ft. Kozloff, in 1895, put the altitude 

 of the highest peak at 15,000 ft. A later estimate was that 

 obtained by Stein's surveyor, who marked two principal peaks, 

 — which seem to correspond to my Nos. I and II, — and puts 

 their height, by clinometer, at 12,930 ft. and 13,070 ft. re- 

 spectively. 



APPENDIX D 



THE LIFE-ZONES OF NORTH-WESTERN MONGOLIA AND DZUNGARIA 



The portion of Inner Asia comprising the countries described 

 in these volumes, forms a somewhat remarkable area as regards 

 the distribution of Asiatic flora and fauna ; it also contains 

 the lines of demarcation between the ranges of many different 

 species. Although the whole of the Yenisei basin, North-western 

 Mongolia, and Dzungaria are situated within one zoographical 

 area — the Palaearctic, yet the variety of altitude and climate 

 that they contain and the extent of latitude that they stretch 

 over, as well as the variety of flora they produce, allow the 

 existence of a remarkable variety of animal life. These regions 

 include the easterly range of many European and Western 

 Asiatic species, the southern limit of a great many Siberian varie- 

 ties, the northern range of some Chinese and Indian, as well as 

 the entire range of a few species peculiar to this part of Asia. As 



