626 APPENDIX 



a whole, Mongolia has a representative fauna of the Central Asiatic 

 type ; but its northern edge, bordering on Siberia, includes a 

 considerable number of species peculiar to the temperate forests 

 of the northern Palaearctic region. This is especially noticeable 

 in the Uriankhai country, between the Syansk and Tannu-ola 

 ranges, which, although lying within the boundaries of Outer 

 Mongolia and being in itself a terrace between the Siberian 

 plain and Mongohan plateau, yet possesses a fauna and flora 

 entirely Siberian. Dzungaria has, on the whole, a Central Asian 

 fauna, but a few Siberian species range thus far into the heart 

 of the continent. 



We can, first of all, draw a main dividing-line between typical 

 Siberian and Central Asian flora and fauna ; this will roughly 

 follow the southern limit of the forest-zone. The southern or 

 Central Asian portion of this division will again be subdivided 

 by the insular Tian Shan mountain-group, which forms in itself 

 a peculiar and isolated faunistic and floristic zone. Another 

 dividing-line is necessary between the Tian Shan and Altai, to 

 show the exact limits of the special types peculiar to each 

 region. The first great faunistic division to be delimitated is that 

 between Siberia and Inner Asia. In the course of our journey 

 we first passed the line of demarcation between these two areas 

 in the neighbourhood of the Tannu-ola Mountains. This water- 

 shed between Arctic and Mongolian drainage may be taken as 

 the junction of the two zones, although, of course, they overlap 

 and there is a broad neutral zone between them. 



Broadly speaking, the Tannu-ola is the southern limit of such 

 species as the reindeer, moose, beaver, many fur-bearing 

 animals, squirrels, black-game {Tetrao tetrix), hazel-grouse 

 {Tetrastis honasia), and capercailzie {Tetrao urogallus); the same 

 range forms roughly the northern limit of such Central Asian 

 types as the wild-sheep {Ovis ammon), wild-horse {Equus prjeval- 

 skii), marmots, and a host of small mammals. 



The neutral zone, of which I spoke, consists mainly of moun- 

 tain-groups such as the Altai and Turgun, or Kundelun, which 

 extend southv.-ards into Mongolia across the watershed of Arctic 

 drainage ; these by their altitude compensate for the more 

 southern latitude. On these mountains we find that the ranges 



