630 APPENDIX 



west Mongolia. There is a westerly delimitation to the neutral 

 zone in a hard-and-fast line drawn across the Tou-shui (or Chi- 

 ku-ching) plateau between the Barkul and Bogdo-ola ranges, 

 which defines the beginning of true Tian Shan flora and fauna. 



If we take the principal varieties of animal-life separately, 

 and show their distribution, it will be seen how these zones con- 

 form or overlap, as the case may be. The wild-sheep, for instance, 

 which are so typical of the large fauna of Asia, range, in suitable 

 localities, over the whole of the area described, with the exception 

 of the Upper Yenisei basin. The Mongolian zone holds the 

 Ovis amnion typica, the Tian Shan has only the Ovis ammon 

 karelini, while a small variety, Ovis ammon sairensis, exists on 

 the isolated ranges mid-way between the habitats of the other 

 two, namely, the Barlik, Urkashar, and Sair Mountains, which lie 

 on either side of the main divisional line between Siberian and 

 Central Asian fauna, in Northern Dzungaria. Of the goat tribe, 

 ibex (var. Capra sibirica typica) are found over the whole area 

 from Siberia to the Tian Shan, those belonging to the central 

 part of the latter region being distinguished as a variety — 

 C. sibirica almasyi. 



The deer are well represented throughout the entire region, 

 but the peculiarly local distribution of forests in Inner Asia causes 

 their habitats to be unevenly scattered and spasmodic. Wapiti 

 [Cervus canadensis asiaticus) and roe-deer {Capreolus pygargus) 

 exist all over the Upper Yenisei basin and in the forested 

 Altai ; while closely allied varieties {Cervus canadensis songarica, 

 or eustephanus, and Capreolus pygargus tianshanicus) range over 

 the northern forested slopes of the Tian Shan, Ala-tau, and 

 Barlik ranges, and extend eastwards as far as does the forest. 

 The large wapiti probably stop at the Karlik Tagh, but the 

 roe-deer range to the Ati Bogdo. Another species {Cervus 

 cashmirianus yarkandensis), whose main habitat is Chinese 

 Turkestan, ranges into Dzungaria, being found in the jungles 

 of the Manas River. Musk-deer are found only in the mountains 

 of the Upper Yenisei basin ; the range of the reindeer, as described 

 in Chapter VIII, does not extend southwards beyond the walls 

 of this basin. Another northern form, the beaver, still exists 

 in the uppermost sources of the Yenisei, and, it is said, in the 



