382 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 



FAMILY FRINGILLID^E. THE FINCHES, SPARROWS, ETC. (Page 321.) 



Genera. 



a 1 . Mandibles falcate, crossed at tips Loxia. (Page 392.) 



a 2 . Mandibles not falcate nor crossed at tips. 

 b l . Conspicuously crested. 



c 1 . Culmen strongly curved, and cutting-edge of upper mandible deeply 



sinuated or concave in middle portion.. Pyrrhuloxia. (Page 443.) 



c 2 . Culmen only slightly curved, and cutting-edge of upper mandible more 



or less convex in middle portion Cardinalis. (Page 441.) 



b*. Not crested. 



c 1 . Width of bill at base equal to its length, and basal outline of lower man- 

 dible, underneath, doubly concave Pyrrhula. (Page 388.) 



c 2 . Width of bill at base decidedly less than its length, and basal outline 



of lower mandible, underneath, simply concave. 



d l . Depth of bill at base greater than length of hind-toe, with claw, 

 and more than three-fourths as long as tarsus. 



Coccothraustes. (Page 386.) 

 d 2 . Depth of bill at base less than length of hind-toe, with claw, and 



less than two-thirds as long as of tarsus. 



e l . Nasal plumules covering nearly basal half of upper mandible. 



Pinicola. (Page 387.) 

 e 2 . Nasal plumules covering very much less than basal half of 



upper mandible. 

 f l . Base of gonys midway between tip and lateral base of 



lower mandible Plectrophenax. (Page 402.) 



/ 2 . Base of gonys decidedly nearer to lateral base than 



tip of lower mandible. 



g l . Gonys slightly convex; a light brownish spot or 



speculum at base of quills.. Passer. (Page 401.) 



<7 2 . Gonys not appreciably convex ; no light spot or 



speculum at base of quills. 

 A 1 . Primaries exceeding secondaries by more than 



length of tarsus. 



z 1 . Wing at least five times as long as tarsus. 

 j 1 . Wing less than 3.50. 



k l . Tail three-fourths as long as wing ; 

 nasal tufts conspicuous. 



Acanthis. (Page 395.) 



A' 9 . Tail less than two-thirds as long as 



wing ; nasal tufts inconspicuous. 



I 1 . Exposed culmen decidedly 



shorter than tarsus ; adults 



without red on head, and 



