404 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 



GENUS CALCARIUS BECHSTEIN. (Page 383, pi. CYIL, fig. 6.) 



Species. 



COMMON CHARACTERS. Adult males : Top of head black; hind-neck deep rufous 

 or buff; rest of upper parts light brownish, broadly streaked with dusky or black ; 

 outer tail-feathers with more or less of white. Adult females : Above similar to 

 males, but without black on head, and usually without distinct rufous or buff on 

 hind-neck ; lower parts mainly dull whitish or buffy. Nest on ground, composed 

 of dried grasses, etc., lined with feathers, etc. Eggs 3-6, dull whitish, spotted or 

 speckled with brown (varying to nearly uniform brownish). 



a 1 . Wing more than 3.50 ; all the tail-feathers with inner webs dusky at base (in 

 C. pictus confined, on exterior feather, to inner edge). 



b\ Inner web of outer tail-feather chiefly dusky ; under wing-coverts and axil- 

 lars grayish white, distinctly grayish beneath surface ; breast and belly 

 white. Adult male in summer : Head and chest deep black, relieved by a 

 broad white or buffy stripe behind eye, continued downward (vertically) 

 behind ear-coverts and then backward along sides of chest ; sides broadly 

 streaked or striped with black ; rest of under parts white ; hind-neck deep 

 chestnut-rufous ; lesser wing-coverts grayish, feathers black in centre. 

 Adult male in winter : Black of head confined to crown, posterior and 

 lower border of ear-coverts, lower part of throat, and patch on chest, 

 and more or less obscured by whitish or pale brownish tips to feathers ; 

 sides of head (including lores and greater part of ear-coverts) mostly 

 dull light brownish ; rufous on hind-neck also similarly obscured. Adult 

 female in summer : Much like winter male, but markings more sharply 

 defined, black areas of chest, etc., more restricted and still more broken, 

 hind-neck streaked with blackish, and size smaller. Adult female in win- 

 ter : Similar to summer plumage, but browner and less sharply streaked 

 above, hind-neck often without trace of rufous, lower parts dull brown- 

 ish white, and dusky markings of chest, etc., very indistinct. Young : 

 Above tawny buffy, everywhere (except on wings and tail) broadly 

 streaked with black ; beneath pale buffy, the lower throat, chest, and 

 sides of breast broadly streaked with blackish. Male : Length about 

 6.10-6.90, wing 3.60-3.90. Female : Length about 5.50-6.00, wing 3.50- 

 3.60. Eggs .83 X -60, varying from dull whitish spotted with brown to 

 nearly uniform umber-brown. Hab. Circumpolar regions ; in North 

 America migrating southward to northern United States, sometimes as 

 far as South Carolina (rarely), Kentucky, Kansas, Nevada, etc. 



536. C. lapponicus ( LINN.). Lapland Long-spur. 



b*. Inner web of outer tail-feather chiefly white ; under wing-coverts and axil- 

 lars wholly pure white ; entire lower parts buffy. Adult male in summer : 

 Top and sides of head deep black, relieved by a broad white stripe be- 

 hind eye, a narrow white stripe along middle portion of ear-coverts, and 



