466 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 



a 1 . Inner webs of secondaries dusky next to shaft for much the greater part of 

 their length ; tail-feathers (except sometimes middle pair) white at base ; bill 

 from nostril not more than .55. 



b l . Wing 4.35, or more ; lores never wholly deep black ; nasal tufts always 

 whitish or grayish on top ; basal half of lower mandible light-colored, 

 except in summer adults. 



c 1 . A more or less distinct whitish spot on lower eyelid ; adult (and young) 

 with breast distinctly undulated, or narrowly barred with grayish. 

 Summer adult: Above pale ash-gray, becoming white or grayish 

 white on forehead, superciliary region, hinder scapulars, lower 

 rump, and upper tail-coverts ; lores chiefly blackish gray, but black 

 anteriorly and immediately next to eye ; beneath white, the breast 

 and anterior portion of sides narrowly barred or undulated with 

 grayish. Winter adult : Similar, but basal half of lower mandible 

 light brownish (horn-grayish in life), and lores chiefly light grayish 

 {sometimes even mixed with whitish). Young in first winter: 

 Above dull grayish brown, sometimes tinged with light umber- 

 brown ; wings and tail much duller black ; greater wing-coverts 

 tipped (sometimes also narrowly edged) with pale brownish buify ; 

 white at base of quills indistinct (sometimes obsolete) ; ear-coverts 

 dusky brownish ; lower parts brownish white, more strongly tinged 

 with brown laterally, everywhere (except on chin and under tail- 

 coverts) very distinctly waved or narrowly barred with dusky 

 grayish. Young: Essentially like preceding, but hinder scapu- 

 lars, rump, and upper tail-coverts more or less distinctly undulated 

 with dusky, the greater wing-coverts, secondaries, and middle tail- 

 feathers tipped with pale rust}*, and anterior lower parts (in- 

 cluding whole breast and anterior portion of sides) nearly uniform 

 pale grayish brown, the darker undulations appearing only on close 

 inspection. Length 9.25-10.75, wing 4.35-4.60, tail 4.50-4.70, bill 

 from nostril .50-.55, tarsus 1.02-1.05. Eggs 1.05 X -76. Hab. 

 Northern North America ; south, in winter, to Potomac and Ohio 

 Valleys, Kansas, Colorado, Nevada, northern California, and even 



Arizona 621. L. borealis VIEILL. Northern Shrike. 



(?. No trace (?) of white on lower eyelid ; adult without grayish undula- 

 tions or bars on breast or other lower parts ; otherwise not obvi- 

 ously different from L. borealis ; wing 4.35-4.50, tail 4.30-4.60, bill 

 from nostril .52-.55, tarsus 1.00-1.10. Hab, Northern Asia and 

 northern and eastern Europe. 



L. borealis sibiricus BOGD. Siberian Shrike. 1 

 6*. "Wing loss than 4.25 ; lores and nasal tufts always wholly black in adult ; 



1 Laniui borealit flbiricus BOODANOW, "Russian Shrikes, etc., p. 102, 1881." (GADOW.) L. major PALL. 

 et Aucr., nee WILKF.S. 



Said to have been procured at Chilcat, Alaska (c/. SCHALOW, Auk, i. 1884, 292), but the correct identifi- 

 cation perhaps open to doubt. 



