LANIUS. 467 



basal half of lower mandible never light-colored, except in young. 

 (Adults above ash-gray or slate-gray (varying much in shade), the 

 scapulars, lower rump, and upper tail-coverts usually paler, sometimes 

 nearly white ; lower parts white, sometimes tinged with grayish later- 

 ally, usually not undulated or otherwise marked.) 



c 1 . Adults pure white beneath, rarely much tinged laterally with grayish, 

 and very rarely with obvious grayish undulations or bars on breast ; 

 gray of upper parts of a pure ash- or slate-gray cast. 

 d 1 . Darker, the upper tail-coverts usually not distinctly paler than 

 rump, and never (?) whitish ; sides usually faintly tinged with 

 gray ; wing, tail, and tarsus averaging shorter, and bill larger ; 

 length 8.50-9.50, wing 3.75-4.00 (3.83), tail 3.65-4.25 (3.97), bill 

 from nostril .43-.50 (.47), depth of bill at base .34-.3S (.35). tar- 

 sus 1.00-1.10 (1.05). Eggs .97 X -73. Hab. More southern por- 

 tions of eastern United States, but north, irregularly, to Ohio, 

 Yermont, etc., regularly to Virginia and southern Illinois. 



622. L. ludovicianus LINN. Loggerhead Shrike. 

 d 2 . Paler, the upper tail-coverts usually more or less distinctly 

 whitish, the scapulars more extensively white, the sides usu- 

 ally very faintly, if at all, tinged with gray ; wings, tail, and 

 tarsus averaging longer and bill smaller; length 8.00-10.00, 

 wing 3.75-4.10 (3.94), tail 3.75-4.30 (4.06), bill from nostril 

 .42-.50 (.46), depth at base .30-35 (.32), tarsus 1.00-1.15 (1.09). 

 Eggs .97 X -72. Hab. Central region of North America, north 

 to the Saskatchewan, south over table-lands of Mexico, west 

 to Lower California, Arizona, Nevada, etc., east across Great 

 Plains, and, sporadically, through basin of the Great Lakes to 

 northern New York.... 622a. L. ludovicianus excubitorides 



(S WAINS.). White-rumped Shrike. 



c 2 . Adults dull white or grayish white beneath, strongly gray laterally, 

 the breast usually distinctly undulated or narrowly barred with 

 grayish, under parts sometimes strongly tinged with pale brown or 

 dull vinaceous ; gray of upper parts having a more or less decided 

 brownish, or less bluish, cast. 



About as dark above as L. ludovicianus (sometimes darker, es- 

 pecially on head), the upper tail-coverts, however, sometimes 

 abruptly light grayish, or even whitish, as in L. excubitorides ; 

 tail averaging longer than in either of the more eastern forms, 

 the average length of wing intermediate ; length 8.00-10.00, 

 wing 3.70-4.00 (3.89), tail 3.75-4.50 (4.11), bill from nostril 

 .43-.4S (.46), depth at base .30-.35 (.33), tarsus 1.05-1.15 (1.09). 

 Hab. California, especially coast district. 



. L. ludovicianus gambeli EIDGW. California Shrike. 1 



1 New subspecies. It is with extreme reluctance that I have concluded to name, and attempt to character- 

 ize, a third race of this species, yet I have felt compelled to do so, or else drop L. excubitorides. Typical exam- 



