OF THE INTELLIGENCE AND OF INSTINCT. 173 



by the keeper, the chimpanze put another chair in its place. 

 In this action we see not only the power of acquiring know- 

 ledge by experience, but also the ability to generalize. 



337. In this approach to human intelligence in the lower 

 animals, the quadrumana and carnivora are foremost;* after 

 these come the pachydermata, as the elephant and horse; 

 next, the ruminants ; last of all the mammals, the rodents, 

 as the beaver, squirrel, &c. The squirrel cannot be taught 

 to recognise its own master; the ruminant recognises its 

 master, but a change of clothes is sufficient to make it mis- 

 take him for a stranger. Thus, a bison, in "the Garden," 

 obeyed perfectly its master, until he happened to change his 

 clothes, when it attacked him impetuously; on assuming his 

 former dress, the bison again recognised him as its master. 

 Two rams living together in harmony, will, on being shorn, 

 attack each other as if they were perfect strangers. The 

 sagacity of the dog and elephant is well known ; so also is 

 that of the ape, but this is confined as regards it to youth, 

 for with age it progresses not, but often becomes morose 

 and savage. 



338. Some animals possess the power of intercommu- 

 nication, by means of which they express what they feel, and 

 make their feelings known to their comrades. Thus, certain 

 mammals and birds, which live in groups, sometimes place a 

 sentinel, which by peculiar cries warns the troop of the 

 approach of danger : the marmots and the flamingo do this ; 

 swallows seem also to have the power, by a peculiar cry, of 

 collecting together for mutual defence all the neighbouring 

 swallows, more especially when there is danger to their 

 young; and the observations made on bees by Huber, La- 

 treille, and other naturalists, leave little doubt that these 

 insects have the power of intercommunication. 



This is seemingly not effected by any sound, but by touch- 

 ing each other with their heads and antennae, and on this 

 being done, thousands will crowd to the point of danger. In 

 the obstinate wars which one colony of ants will sometimes 

 carry on against another, individual ants have been seen thus 

 to give such signals as to change the route of a whole army; 

 and observers worthy of every credit assure us, that indi- 

 vidual ants have been seen to quit the main body, and repair- 

 ing to the hillock, return with strong reinforcements. 



* No animal lower than man seems to me to possess the faculty of gene- 

 rnlization. K. K. 



