OF THE INTELLIGENCE AND THE INSTINCT. 177 



made to discover in the form of the head, physical characters 

 by which these various modifications might be detected and 

 foretold. This led to the theory, that the brain is not exactly 

 one organ, but an assemblage of many, to each of which was 

 assigned its own functions, its own share in the phenomena 

 of the intellectual and social life of man. On this doctrine 

 was founded the celebrated phrenological doctrine of Gall, 

 who endeavoured, by the inspection of the cranium, to decide 

 on human character. Certain singular facts and coincidences 

 appeared to favour this doctrine of the localization of the 

 human intellectual faculties, but others equally remarkable 

 are quite opposed to it. 



With regard to the instinctive faculties, which are so 

 remarkable in some of the lowest animals, no relation can be 

 discovered between these faculties and the conformation ol 

 their nervous systems, calculated in any way to explain the 

 phenomena; nor is it possible to admit, that were such 

 relations traced to certain structures in vertebral animals, as 

 the swallow, the beaver, &c. (which has not been done), the 

 sanle would apply to the invertebrate kingdom, equally, if not 

 more singularly provided with instinctive faculties, and in 

 which the central organs of the nervous system, the brain 

 and spinal marrow, are represented by a chain of ganglions. 



The following observations, taken from my Manual of 

 Human Anatomy, will explain, though very briefly, to the 

 student, what has been done subsequently to the time of 

 Camper on this difficult question. 1 have not alluded to 

 the memoir of my most distinguished friend Tiedemau, who 

 endeavoured to decide the same question by filling the 

 interior of the skull with fine sand, and comparing the results 

 derived from the admeasurements of different races of men. 

 R. K. 



" This is a psychological question not as yet decided on. 



Attempts have been made in various ways to arrive at 

 some approximation as to the mere facts, independent of 

 all theory, but even these have not been very successful. 

 The first proposal was the method of Camper, hence called 

 Camper's facial angle ; a mere artistic view, leading to no 

 important results. Next followed the vertical view of 

 Blumenbach ; then the basial ; lastly, the vertical, proposed 

 by Cuvier, in which the cranium and face are divided 

 vertically with a saw into two equal parts. Gerdy has 

 N 



