330 LICHENACEI. [orKOPHOEA. 



usually little or non-eroso-laciniate at the margins, olive-brown or 

 brownish-black ; beneath lacunulose or trabeculose, granulose, more 

 or less fibrillose, pale-brownish (K(CaCl)~ ^j^). Apothecia and 

 spores as in the preceding species. Lichen torrefactus Lightf. FL 

 Scot. ii. (1777) p. 862 ; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 62. Umbilicctria 

 erosa var. torrida (Ach.), Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 41. Gyrophora 

 erosa Eng. Bot. t. 2066 ; Turn. & Borr. Lich. Br. p. 229 ; Gray, 

 Nat. Arr. i. p. 477 ; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 42 ; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. 

 p. 218 ; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 155 ; Mudd, Man. p. 117. 

 Umbilicaria erosa Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 41 pro parte; Leight. Lich. 

 Fl. p. 158, ed. 3, p. 145. Umbilicaria varia e. erosa Leight. Ann. 

 Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 2, xviii. p. 284. Lichen polyrhizos Huds. Fl. 

 Angl. p. 455. Lichenoides rugosum durum pullum, peltis atris ver- 

 rucosis Dill. Muse. 118, t. 30. f. 118. Brit. Exs. : Bohl. n. 19. 



This has often either been confounded with or regarded as a variety of 

 G. erosa, to which it is closely allied. It differs, however, in the cha- 

 racters of the upper and lower surfaces of the thallus, as also in the reaction 

 of the medulla. For these reasons it has been raised to specific rank by 

 Nylander (Flora, 1869, p. 387, s. n. Umbilicaria torrida (Ach.), Nyl.). 

 Where the plant is abundant, the thallus is sometimes more or less deeply 

 laciniato-divided at the circumference (form siibdtvideiis Nyl. ex Cromb. 

 Journ. Bot. 1882, p. 273), and the lacunoso-trabeculose and fibrillose 

 under surface is aptly compared in Eng. Bot. to " shavings." The apo- 

 thecia are numerous, becoming when old large and beautifully gyroso- 

 plicate, almost as in G. polyrrhiza. 



Hab. On rocks and boulders in upland and subalpine regions. Distr. 

 General and common in most of the mountainous tracts of Great Britain 

 and Ireland. B. M. : Walkhampton and Dartmoor, Devonshire ; Cader 

 Idris and near Barmouth, Merionethshire ; Carnedd Dafydd, Carnarvon- 

 shire ; Swinhope Fell, Durham ; The Cheviots, Northumberland. New 

 Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire; Goatfell, Island of Arran; Ben Cruachan, 

 Argyleshire ; Ben More and Ben Lawers, Perthshire ; Katelaw and 

 Clova, Forfarshire ; Craig Coinnoch and Ben-naboord, Braemar, Aber- 

 deenshire ; Ben Nevis, Inverness-shire. Killarney Mts. and Mangerton, 

 co. Kerry ; Curslieve, co. Mayo ; Doughruagh Mts., co. Galway. 



6. G. hyperborea Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 105. Thallus mono- 

 phyllous, moderate, thin, unequal, papuloso-rugose, more or less 

 lacerate at the margins, olive-brown or blackish-brown ; beneath 

 glabrous, sublacunoso-unequal, blackish or brownish-black, usually 

 somewhat greyish (K~, CaCl^ red ). Apothecia at first simple, 

 lirellfcform, at length gyroso-complicate ; spores 0,013-16 mm. 

 long, 0,007-8 mm. thick. Turn. & Borr. Lich. Brit. p. 227; Mudd, 

 Man. p. 117. Umbilicaria hyperborea Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 41 ; 

 Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 157, ed. 3, p. 145. Umbilicaria varia y. hyper- 

 borea Leight. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 2, xviii. p. 282. Lichen 

 hyperboreus Ach. Vet. Ak. Handl. 1794, p. 89, t. 2. f. 2. Lichen 

 pullus Dicks. Crypt, fasc. ii. p. 23. Lichen Jacquini With. ? Arr. 

 ed. 3, iv. p. 62. 



