THE ORTHOPTERA 85 



In one section including the smallest grasshoppers, generally called "grouse 

 locusts," some of which are less than half an inch in length, the pronotum is 

 extended back to, or even beyond the end of the abdomen and the fore wings 

 are reduced to mere stubs. Two common species are shown in Fig. 64. 



The hind wings of grasshoppers are often brightly colored, yellow, 

 red, or black. The legs also often show bright colors. 



FIG. 63. Carolina Grasshopper (Dissostvira Carolina Say) natural size. (Original.) 



The sounds produced by grasshoppers are made in one or the other 

 of two ways. In some species the hind legs are drawn up and down 

 across the fore wings, ridges on the inner face of the femur scratching 

 against a heavy vein on the wing and giving a rasping sound. In others 

 the sound is produced while flying. Here the front edge of the hind wing 



FIG. 64. Two types of "Grouse Locusts," natural size. (Original.) 



is struck against the under surface of the fore wing,' making a short, 

 sharp sound, which, quickly repeated, gives a kind of "crackling." 

 Apparently the organs of hearing are located on each side of the body 

 just above 'the base of the hind leg. Each is a rather large, smooth disk, 

 suggestive of an ear drum membrane, connected by nerve fibers with a 

 small ganglion which in turn connects with the main nervous system. 



Family Tettigoniidae (The Green Grasshoppers and Katydids) 



A part of the insects of this family are called green grasshoppers, 

 long-horned grasshoppers, or meadow grasshoppers, while others are 

 the katydids. Their tarsi consist of four segments. Most of them are 

 green in color, and all have antennae longer than their bodies. Some of 

 the katydids have broad fore wings and these live among trees and 

 shrubs, feeding on the leaves and even on the more tender twigs (Fig. 65), 



