THE HOMOPTERA 



215 



wash. Winters in various stages, so all may be present at almost any time. 

 Two or three generations per year. Control by cutting out the worst infested 

 stems during the winter, and spraying with lime-sulfur as for San Jose" Scale in 

 early spring. Whale-oil soap (1 Ib. in 1 gal. water) may also be used. 



The Pine-leaf Scale (Chionaspis pinifolice Fitch). Occurs generally in the 

 United States on leaves of pine, and sometimes other evergreens. Female scale 

 (Fig. 208) white, narrower than Scurfy Scale but varying to fit the width of the 

 leaf: male scale much smaller. When abundant, whole branches may appear 



FIG. 208. Pine-leaf Scale (Chionaspis pinifolice Fitch). Female scales on pine leaf, about 

 twice natural size. (Original.) 



as though their leaves had been sprayed with whitewash. Two generations a 

 year, purplish crawling young appearing in the northern states about the middle 

 of May and the first of September, at which times spray with either kerosene 

 emulsion or the linseed oil emulsion as advised for the Oyster-shell Scale. 



The Purple Scale (Lepidosaphes beckii Newm.). In the South and on the 

 Pacific Coast this insect is very injurious to citrus plants, even on the fruit of 

 which it is often seen. It greatly 

 resembles the Oyster-shell Scale in 

 appearance (Fig. 209) and size There 

 are three or four generations each 

 year. Control is usually by fumiga- 

 tion with Hydrocyanic acid gas during 

 the colder months. 



FIG. 209. FIG. 210. 



FIG. 209. Purple Scale (Lepidosaphes beckii Newm.), about natural size. (Modified 

 from Cal. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 226.) 



FIG. 210. Red Scale (Chrysomphalus aurantii Mask.) on a portion of a grape fruit. 

 About natural size. (From Cal. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 214.) 



The Red Scale (Chrysomphalus aurantii Mask.). A serious pest of citrus 

 trees in California. The female scale resembles the San Jose* Scale in outline, 

 but averages larger (Fig. 210) and the scale is transparent enough to allow the 

 red body (yellow in a variety) of the insect to show through. The male scales 

 are smaller and rather elongate. The life history is similar to that of the San 



