240 APPLIED ENTOMOLOGY 



Over the greater part of the United States there are two generations 

 of the Codling-moth each year. Where this is the case the larva pupates 

 in this cavity for about 2 weeks before it escapes as an adult. Eggs are 

 now laid for the second generation and on hatching the larvae attack the 

 fruit, which is quite well grown by this time, entering it at any point and 

 showing no preference for the blossom end. The feeding of this genera- 

 tion of caterpillars proceeds as with the spring generation, but in many 

 cases has not been completed when the fruit is gathered. In this way 

 a number of the larvae may be carried to the bins or barrels in which the 

 fruit is stored. Later, they leave the fruit and make their wintering 

 cases on the sides of the bins or elsewhere. 



In the Northern States there is only a partial second generation, 

 most of the caterpillars feeding during late June and July, failing to 

 transform into moths that season, so that the work of the insects in fruit 

 during the fall is comparatively unimportant. From Southern New 

 England south, however, two complete generations are the rule and in the 

 more southern States with long growing seasons, there may be three gener- 

 ations. In the West, even as far north as Washington, two generations 

 occur. Cold and drought have a considerable effect everywhere, how- 

 ever, late springs reducing the number of moths which appear the same 

 season. 



The injury caused by this insect places it among our most important 

 pests. Small apples attacked, drop in many cases, resulting in the entire 

 loss of some of the fruit early in the season. In years of an abundant 

 crop, this is of less importance, but in "off years" it is a serious matter. 

 Fruit infested which remains upon the tree is reduced in value and thus 

 another loss is produced. It has been estimated that a few years ago 

 the State of New York alone lost apples and pears forming a third of the 

 entire crop, which valued at $1.50 per barrel, would amount to about 

 $3,000,000 per year. 



Control. There appear to be two chief ways by which the habits of 

 this insect aid in control measures. The number which enter the fruit 

 at its blossom end is large, and poison placed there for them to eat as they 

 bore their way through it into the apple, has proved effective. The fact 

 that the caterpillars feed for a time on the leaves before going to the fruit 

 also indicates a place for successful treatment. 



Accordingly, spraying with arsenate of lead, standard formula, within 

 10 days after the petals fall, directing the spray so that as far as possible 

 it will fall into the cup surrounded by the calyx lobes (sepals) is the most 

 usual method of control. In applying this spray, however, it should be 

 remembered that in the case of the apple these calyx lobes which at first 

 stand widely open around the edges of the cup, soon draw together and 

 close up the cup mouth, after which no spray can be placed where it is of 

 use (Fig. 237). This closing comes about 10 days after the petals fall 



