262 APPLIED ENTOMOLOGY 



about half an inch long, and a single similar but gray pencil of hairs 

 projects upward and backward from near the hinder end of the body. 

 These characters make the caterpillar of this insect a very striking and 

 noticeable animal. 



Control. Gathering and destroying the egg clusters or applying 

 creosote to them freely enough to penetrate the crust and reach all the 

 eggs beneath are methods which can be made use of whenever the clusters 

 are observed. Spraying for the caterpillars, using arsenate of lead, 

 standard formula, is also effective. Trees not infested, whose branches 

 do not touch those of other and infested trees, can be protected by the 

 use of sticky or cotton batting bands around their trunks during the 

 periods when the caterpillars are crawling. 



The Antique or Rusty Tussock Moth (Notolophus antiqua L.). This 

 is a European insect but widely distributed in North America. The 

 male moth averages about as large as the White-marked Tussock Moth 

 and .has rusty-brown wings, each fore wing with a small white spot. 

 The female is wingless. The eggs are laid on the cocoon of the parent 

 moth but without any white crust to conceal them, and the caterpillar 

 has a black head. Of the four tussocks on the back, the first two are 

 black at first but become whitish later, like the others. The pencils 

 of hairs just behind the head and at the end of the abdomen resemble 

 those of the other species and an additional pair is also present, one on 

 each side of the body a short distance behind the head. 



The life history of this insect is probably similar to that of the last 

 species, though the number of generations in different parts of the country 

 does not appear to have been worked out. In the Northern States there 

 is one each year. Control measures are the same for both species. 



The Gypsy Moth (Porthetria dispar L.). This European insect was intro- 

 duced into this country near Boston, Mass., by accident, about 1869 and has 

 gradually spread until it now covers the greater part of the New England 

 States. It has also appeared in other localities but these places were dis- 

 covered early and the insects exterminated. 



The adult male moth (Fig. 267) is brown with some yellowish markings, and 

 spreads about an inch and a half. It flies freely during the day. The female 

 has nearly white wings, with dark markings; a stout, heavy body covered behind 

 with buff hairs: its wings spread about two inches, and though having well-de- 

 veloped wings, this sex does not fly. 



Winter is passed in the egg stage, the caterpillars hatching in the spring and 

 feeding on many kinds of leaves, though the apple, oak, willow, alder and birch 

 appear to be favorites, and shrubs and herbaceous plants do not escape. Ash 

 is not fed upon, nor is pine during the first two instars. 



Feeding until early in July the caterpillars become full-grown (Fig. 268) and 

 may then be nearly three inches long and as large as a lead pencil. They are 

 brown, partially hairy, the hairs being somewhat clustered, and on the back bear 

 five pairs of blue spots, followed behind by six pairs of red ones. At the end of 



