CHAP. III. CONTINENT OF EUROPE. 159 



losa, nigra, tanacetifolia, Oxyacantha, melanocarpa, and jarunifolia, are all 

 tolerably hardy. 



Cracow is upwards of two degrees farther south than Warsaw ; and it is 

 not much higher above the level of the sea, since the Vistula passes through 

 both cities, and there is not the slightest waterfall on that river between 

 Cracow and its mouth at Dantzic. The greatest cold of the ordinary winters 

 at Cracow is from 13 to 16 Reaum. (from 2 above zero, to 4 below zero, 

 Fahr.) ; and the snow seldom lasts longer than from two to three weeks. 

 At Niedzwiedz, about three miles from the city, Count Wodzicki, a gentleman 

 who lias never been out of Poland, began, in the year 1814, to plant an 

 arboretum ; and he has pursued his plan with such energy, that in 1836 his 

 collection amounted to nearly 200 species and varieties, exclusive of half- 

 hardy species, which he keeps in conservatories, or against walls. An account 

 of this arboretum, as it was in the year 1833, was published in the Annales 

 de Fromont, torn. v. p. 177.; and a translation of this account, with some 

 corrections and additions sent us by the author, will be found in the Gar- 

 dener's Magazine, vol. xiv., for 1838. Though Count Wodzicki, as he informs 

 us, was upwards of 61 years of age when he commenced his arboretum, and 

 consequently, in 1836, must have been 83 years old, his passion for trees was 

 then by no means diminished. He was in constant correspondence with 

 Messrs. Booth of Hamburg, M. Soulange-Bodin of Paris, and various com- 

 mercial cultivators and amateurs ; and he spares no expense in procuring 

 every new ligneous plant that is likely to stand the open air at Cracow. A 

 list of the species and varieties which were in the arboretum at Niedzwiedz 

 in September, 1836, with their dimensions and the year in which each was 

 planted, has been kindly sent us by the count ; from which it appears that the 

 growth of the hardier species, in that climate, is as rapid as it is in the climate 

 of London. ^ v cer Pseudo-^Uitanus, 24 years planted, is 28 ft. high, with a 

 trunk 22 in. in diameter; A. jolatanoides, of the same age, is 30 ft. high, with a 

 trunk 18 in. in diameter; A. rubrum, 20 years planted, is 34 ft. high, with 

 a trunk 13 in. in diameter ; and A. eriocarpum, of the same age, is 36 ft. high, 

 with a trunk 18 in. in diameter, yfbies riibra, 25 years planted, is 48 ft. high, 

 with a trunk 1 7 in. in diameter. B dtula alba pendula, 24 years planted, is 

 32 ft. high, with a trunk 18 in. in diameter. 



In the Crimea, many foreign trees and shrubs have been introduced into 

 the government garden, and into those of Count Woronzow and some other 

 noblemen. 



The introduction of these trees and shrubs may be divided into three periods. 

 In the first period, during the reign of Catharine, the olive, the mulberry, the 

 sweet chestnut, the walnut, the fig tree, the ZJiospyros Zotus, the laurel, the 

 arbutus, and others, were planted in the gardens of individuals, in great part 

 through the influence of Professor Pallas. The second period commenced 

 with the year 1811, when the Duke of Richelieu had the government garden 

 laid out at Nikita, and placed it under the direction of Mr. Steven. This 

 garden soon became celebrated for its collection of trees and shrubs. It con- 

 tains at present, among other trees, some fine specimens of the genus Citrus 

 in the open air, which require only slight protection during winter. The Mag- 

 nolia grandiflora also stands in it in the open air, and flowers every vear. The 

 third period commences with the settlement of Count Woronzow at Alpuka. 

 in the year 1823, when he brought with him an English gardener, and an ex- 

 tensive collection of trees and shrubs. Alpuka is finely situated on the sea 

 coast, and it may be worth noticing, that it was admired thirty-six years ago 

 by Prince Potemkin, who caused two cypresses to be planted in the very 

 situation where Count Woronzow is now building a house, under the direction 

 of an English architect. 



The winter in this part of Russia lasts but three months, so that oranges, 

 and other trees of the East and West Indies, require only to be protected by 

 a slight roof or tent of boards, covered with leaves or straw. The following 

 species grow freely in the open air : 



*o 



