210 



SCIENCE OF THE STUDY OF TREES. 



PART II. 



when they are in fruit; and, in the case 

 of deciduous trees, in winter, when 

 they are in a naked state, to show the 

 appearance of the wood at that season. 

 In the second place, as these require 

 to be drawn with scientific accuracy, 

 they can only be properly done by 

 taking the specimens home, inserting 

 j their ends in water, and drawing them 

 with the greatest care before they 

 begin to fade or shrivel. The speci- 

 men in flower will naturally, in most 

 cases, be drawn first ; and, because 

 the flower is the first in the order 

 of nature, it ought either to be put 

 on the top of the page, or on the left - 

 hand side of it, in order that it may 

 come first in observing or reading. 

 This is the reason why, in our volume 

 of plates, we have, in the case of each 

 young tree, always put the spring or 

 flowering specimen on the left hand, 

 and the autumn or fruiting specimen on the right hand. For a corresponding 

 reason, we have shaded the entire trees on the right hand rather than the left, 

 because the eye, being first attracted by the light parts of an object, proceeds 

 afterwards to the shade. Where the flowers, when fully expanded, or the fruit 

 or leaves, when fully grown, are less than an inch across, a flower, fruit, or leaf, 



of the natural size is given ; and, to distinguish these full-sized specimens 

 from such as are drawn to a scale of 2 in. to a foot, those of the full size are 

 marked with a cross, thus -}-. Where a tree is of one sex, or has the sexes 

 in different flowers on the same tree, the male flowers are marked by an m, 

 and the female flowers by an/; and some trees, as in the case of the common 

 ash (Fraxinus excelsior), the hermaphrodite flowers by an h. In one or two 

 cases, it has been deemed useful to give magnified specimens of flowers or 

 their parts; in which cases the abbreviation mag. is added to show this. Where 

 the tree is deciduous, a specimen of the young wood, as it appears in winter, 

 is given to the same scale of 2 in. to a foot. These requisites show that 

 nearly a whole year is required, in order to draw properly the botanical spe- 

 cimens of any one tree. 



In the case of full-grown trees, we have in general considered it unnecessary 

 to give more than a sufficient portion of foliage to show the touch of the 



