SCIENCE OF THE STUDY OF TREES. VART II. 



elm, and many other trees. The time of separation, the size, the future 

 treatment, and the fitness of plants so produced relatively to those pro- 

 duced by other means of propagation, require to be considered. 



c. By Division. Low-growing many-stemmed shrubs, such as the dwarf 

 box, the butcher's broom, &c. ; and some creepers, such as Hypericum 

 calycinum, &c., are most easily propagated by taking up the entire 

 conglomeration of plants, and separating them. 



d. By Cuttings. Cuttings may be taken from the branches, or shoots, and 

 either in summer or winter ; they may also, in some cases, be taken 

 from the trunks of trees of large size ; they may be taken from roots in 

 many cases ; and some evergreens, such as the Aucuba, and some deci- 

 duous shrubs, such as the Wistaria, may be propagated by leaves cutoff 

 with a bud in their axil. In all these methods, the season, soil, situ- 

 ation, shade, air, temperature, and time for transplanting, require to be 

 taken into consideration. 



e. By Layers. These may be made of the winter's wood, or of the sum- 

 mer's shoots, and by a variety of different modes of cutting, twisting, 

 ringing, &c. ; in all of which, the season, soil, and situation, and time for 

 detaching and transplanting the layers, require to be treated of. 



f. By Ringing, and applying a Sail of Earth or Moss. This is practised 

 in various ways, with or without the aid of a perpetual supply of water ; 

 and, as in the preceding cases, the season, locality, and the nature of 

 the subject, with other particulars, require to be mentioned. 



g. By Budding on other Plants. Here we have to consider the kind of 

 stock ; its age ; its influence on the scion ; the modes of performing 

 the operation, which are various ; the age of the scion from which 

 the buds are taken ; the time when the plant is fit for transplanting; 

 and other particulars. 



h. Budding in the Soil. Leaves with buds in their axils will, in various 

 cases, both of deciduous and evergreen trees and shrubs, produce 

 plants. Buds, also, without leaves, but with small portions of wood 

 cut from trees, in some cases from the old wood, as in propagating 

 the olive, and in others from the young wood, as in propagating the 

 vine, will produce plants. Buds in the roots may also be so em- 

 ployed ; as in the case of many of the jRosuceae. In general, the buds 

 of the trunks and roots are latent germs, and not visible on the por- 

 tions that are employed for propagation. 



i. By Grafting. With reference to this operation, the kind of stock 

 should be indicated, its age, and its influence on the scion ; the mode 

 of performing the operation ; the season ; the age of the scion ; and 

 the time when the subject is fit for transplanting. 



k. By Inarching. Here the same considerations require to betaken into 

 view as in grafting ; with various additional ones, respecting the mecha- 

 nical position of the stock, in the case of inarching the branches of 

 high trees into stocks in pots. 

 11. Culture. This subject embraces the soil, situation, and exposure; the 



rearing and culture in the nursery ; the choice of plants, and planting out ; 



the final culture and management of the plant till it dies, is felled, or cut 



down ; and the species adapted to succeed it. 



A. The Soil, Situation, and Exposure. In general it may be asserted that 

 the component parts of soils are only of importance relatively to their 

 capacity for retaining, or parting with, moisture; but some plants are 

 absolute in their choice, and will only thrive in particular soils. 



B. Culture in the Nursery. This, in some cases, will require to be carried 

 on for some time under glass or in pits, or against a wall or with some 

 kind of protection ; it may require the plant to be kept in a pot or 

 box, in a shaded or light situation, in a close or airy one, in rows 

 in beds, or singly, &c. The time when the plant will he fit for final 

 transplanting will require to be mentioned ; and, also, what is of very 



