2012 ARBORETUM AND FRUTICETUM. PART III. 



bed for two years ; after which they may be planted into nursery lines, and 

 undergo the usual routine treatment. The varieties are usually propagated 

 by layers ; and, according to Sang, the species was formerly propagated in this 

 manner in large quantities ; but, the plants so raised never arriving at great 

 stature as timber trees, the hornbeam came to be considered more as a shrub 

 than as a forest tree, and its planting was neglected, except for hedges. It is 

 now, however, never propagated otherwise than by seeds. 



Accidents, Diseases, Insects, and parasitic Plants. The hornbeam, from the 

 toughness of its branches, and the tenacity with which its roots take hold of 

 the soil, is scarcely ever injured by high winds; it is, however, very liable to be 

 barked, and sometimes entirely destroyed, by mice, when the seedling plants 

 first appear above the ground ; and afterwards, till the tree is five or six years 

 old, by hares and rabbits, neither of which will touch any other kind of tree 

 in the same plantation, till they have stripped the hornbeam of every particle 

 of its bark within their reach. It is liable to few diseases; but, when pruned 

 or otherwise wounded in spring, it bleeds freely ; sometimes, also, a kind of 

 gum, in filaments, oozes out of the fissures of the bark. This genus is red- 

 dish, easily dissolved in spirits of wine, and analogous to lac. (See Diet, des 

 EauxetForets,&c.) The hornbeam does not appear to be much subject to 

 the attacks of insects. *Hybernia prosapiaria, *Hirnera pennaria, -f-Geometra 

 carpiniaria, *Campae v a margaritata, Clorissa putataria, are lepidopterous in- 

 sects, which, in the larva state, either entirely or partially subsist upon the 

 leaves. Cicones carpini is a small beetle found under the bark ; Coccus car- 

 pini is found upon the stems, with the ordinary habits of the scale insects ; and 

 one of the saw-flies, ITenthredo carpini, is thus named from its feeding upon 

 this tree. The fungi that are found on the hornbeam are : Polyporus adustus 

 Willd. var. carpineus ; Sphae^ria decipiens Dec. ; and Stilbospora magna Berk., 

 syn. S. Carpini Sow., t. 376., and fig. 16613. in the Encyclopaedia of Plants, 

 singular for the large tendrils which are formed by the oozing sporidia. 

 Sphae v ria fimbriata Pers. and SphaeVia carpinea Fr. on the leaves, and S. 

 C'arpini Pers. on the twigs, have not yet been observed in this country ; but 

 there is little doubt that they will reward the research of some botanist, in 

 countries where the hornbeam is prevalent. 



Statistics. Recorded Trees. Miller speaks of some hornbeams that he had seen in woods, 70 ft. 

 high ; but he does not give their circumference. Marsham mentions a hornbeam in Lord.Petre's park 

 atWrittle, in Essex, which, in 1764, measured, at5fl. from the ground, above 12 ft. in circumference. 

 (Bath Soc. Pap., i. p. 66.) Evelyn mentions the hedges at Hampton Court as being from 15ft. to 

 20ft. high. Dr. Walker, in his Essays, &c., mentions a hornbeam at Bargally (see p. 95.) which mea- 

 sured, in 1780, 6 ft. 2 in. in circumference, had 20 ft of clear trunk, and was 70 ft, high. In France, 

 the hornbeam is so generally used for garden hedges, that there does not appear to be any large old 

 trees ; but Evelyn informs us that, in Germany, it was formerly the custom to plant a clump of these 

 trees " before the entries of most of the great towns ; to which they apply timber frames for the 

 people to sit and solace in. Scamozzi, the architect, says that in his time he found one whose 

 branches extended 70ft. in breadth : this was at Vuimfen, near the Necker, belonging to the Duke 

 of Wirtemberg." (Hunt. EveL, i. p. 144.) 



Existing Trees ofCdtpinus BMulus. South of London : in Devonshire, at Endsleigh Cottage, 12 

 years planted, it is 30ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 1 ft., and of the head 10ft. ; in Dorsetshire, 

 at Melbury Park, 60 years planted, it is 72 ft. high, girt of trunk? ft., and diameter of the head 60ft; 

 in Hampshire, at Alresford, 81 years planted, it is 66 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 2ft, and of 

 the head 31 ft. North of London : in Denbighshire, at Llanbede Hall, 50 years planted, it is 56 ft. 

 high, girt of the trunk 8ft. 4 in., and diameter of the head 36ft. ; in Lancashire, at Latham House, 

 60 years planted, it is 48 ft. high, diameter of trunk 2 ft. 6 in., and that of the space covered by the 

 branches Sift. ; in Northamptonshire, at Wakefield Lodge, 15 years planted, it is 22ft. high, the 

 diameter of the trunk Sin., and of the head 8ft; in Oxfordshire, in the Oxford Botanic Garden, 

 40 years planted, it is 25 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 1 ft., and of the head 20ft. ; in Pern- 

 brokeshire, at Stackpole Court, 50 years planted, it is 53ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 2 ft. 6 in., 

 and of the head 50 ft. ; in Shropshire, at Willy Park, 9 years planted, it is 25 ft high ; in Suffolk, at 

 Finborough Hall, 60 years planted, it is 80 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 2ft. 3 in., and of the 

 head 40 ft. ; in Warwickshire, at Combe Abbey, 60 years planted, it is 42ft. high, the diameter of 

 the trunk 2ft, and of the head 42ft. : in Worcestershire, at Had/or House, it is Soft, high, with a 

 trunk 5 ft. 4 in. in girt ; at Croorae, 20 years planted, it is 30 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 10 in., 

 and of the head 15 ft. : in Yorkshire, in Studley Park, there are several trees from 50ft. to 60 ft high, 

 three of which have been already figured. In Scotland, near Edinburgh, at Hopetpun House, it is 

 40ft. high, the diameter of trunk 1 ft. 10 in., and of the head 35ft South of Edinburgh : in the 

 Stewartry of Kirkcudbright, at St. Mary's Isle, it is 48 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 3 ft, and of 

 the head 47 ft. ; in Haddingtonshire, at Tynningham, diameter of the trunk 1 ft. 10 in., and that of 

 the head 36 ft North of Edinburgh : in Argyllshire, at Toward Castle, 15 years planted, it is 20 ft. 

 high, diameter of trunk 6 in. ; in Banffshire, at Gordon Castle, it is 54ft. high, diameter of trunk 

 2ft. 9 in., and of the head 30ft.; in Clackmannanshire, in the garden of the Dollar Institution. 

 12 years planted, it.is 30 ft high ; in Perthshire, at Taymouth, 40 years planted, it is 60 ft. high, dia- 

 meter of trunk 8 in., and of head 30 ft. ; in Renfrewshire, at Polloc, it was in 1836 6ft. 6 in. in circum- 



