2V88 ARBORETUM AND FRUTICETUM. PART III. 



Derivation. From Juneprtts, rough or rude, Celt., the plants of this genus being stiff shrubs; or 

 from jiinhrcs jiaricns, from the young and old leaves being on the tree at the same time, or with 

 reference to the young fruit being produced before the old fruit drops off. 



Description, Geography, $c. Evergreen shrubs and trees ; natives of Eu- 

 rope, Asia, Africa, and America ; mostly hardy in British gardens. The wood 

 of all the species is more or less aromatic, and very durable. The berries are 

 employed in medicine as a diuretic, and are used in flavouring gin ; but in 

 some species the aromatic is united with an acrid principle, as in the savin. 

 According to Royle, the berries of the common juniper secrete sugar, as well 

 as an essential oil. The genus has a very extensive geographical range. 

 The common juniper is found in most parts of Europe and North America; 

 and it was also seen by Capt. Webb on the Neetee Pass, in the Himalayas, 

 where it is called Bilhara, also Pudma, and Pumaroa ; and by Mr. Ingli.s, in 

 Kunawar. Here there is also another species, J. religiosa Royle (? J. recurva 

 Ham.), called Gogul by the natives, and employed for burning as incense in 

 their religious ceremonies. The most common species, however, in India, 

 is J. squamosa Royle (J. squamata D. Don}, occurring on such mountains as 

 Choor and Kedarkauta, as high as 1 1,000ft.; as well as near Neetee, &c. ; 

 and on Peer Punjal, as well as Gossainthan. In the last-mentioned place, 

 J. recurva is also found. As there is some difficulty in distinguishing the 

 species, it is not easy to ascertain what species is called bastard, or creeping, 

 cedar, in contradistinction to the Himalaya cedar wood (Juniperus excelsa), 

 found in Gossainthan, in Kamaon, and on the confines of Tartary. This, 

 in its foliage, resembles Cupressus torulosa, specimens of which, indeed, are 

 mixed with those of J. excelsa in the East Indian herbarium. The former 

 appears to be the plant called Theloo by the natives, and seen by Huree Sing 

 between Simla and Phagoo, near a small piece of water ; and by Murdan 

 Aly, a very intelligent plant collector, near Saughee Ke Ghat, a high hill 

 to the southward of Rol. It is also found in Kamaon, near Neetee, Simla, 

 and in Kunawar. (Royle III.} The species, with the exception of three or 

 four, which have grown to some size, and ripened fruit in England, are 

 very imperfectly known to British cultivators; and, probably, some of those 

 kinds which we have given as distinct species may prove not to be so. 

 We could not, however, avoid this, from the impossibility of seeing any 

 plants of many of the kinds, but those which were quite young. All the 

 species are readily propagated by seeds, which retain their vitality, when 

 kept in the berry, for several years ; and, when sown, lie one year, and often 

 two years, before they come up. They may also be increased by cuttings, 

 planted in sandy soil, in a shady situation, in the autumn, and covered with 

 a hand-glass during winter ; or by layers. 



Insects. The juniper is not much frequented by insects. Two species of 

 British lepidopterous insects, however, derive their names from feeding upon 

 this tree; namely, Thera juniperata, a very rare species of Geometridae 

 (Steph. Hlust.y pi. 31. f. 2.) ; and Anacampsis Juniperella (one of the Tineidae). 

 Three species of Linnaean Hemiptera, also, are named from their inhabiting 

 this plant; namely, Pentatoma juniperina (one of the field bugs), A'phis 

 junfperi (a species of plant louse), and J'hrips juniperi ; as well as a saw-fly 

 (Tenthredo juniperi). J. O. W. 



The Fungi are not very numerous. On the leaves of Ju- 

 niperus communis are found Hysterium Pinastri var. 

 Juniperi Fr. y Hysterium Juniperi Grev., t. 26., and our 

 fig. 2342. ; and Podisoma foliicolum Berk. On the living 

 branches are found Gymnosporangium Juniperi L/C., and 

 Podisoma Juniperi communis Fr., which are a kind of per- 

 ennial mildew, resembling in structure Puccini^, with the 

 addition of copious gelatine. On Juniperus abina occurs 

 Podisoma Juniperi Sabinae. M. J. B. 2342 



