104 ORGANS OF SUPPORT, 



flattened meta-carpal (&,) of the hand, and has attached to its 

 inferior pulley-like articular processes two toes (l,m } ) prolonged 

 to the ground, which like the fingers of the hands, have three 

 phalanges in each. Great elasticity is given to the extremities 

 in the ruminating quadrupeds by the alternately inclined 

 direction of most of the bones, and great security is given to 

 the articulations by the pulley-like form of nearly all the joints. 



The skeletons of the pachyderma, like those of rumi- 

 nating quadrupeds, have no clavicles, and have the jaws and 

 teeth adapted for vegetable food ; the articulations are con- 

 structed generally for limited, slow, and secure movements, 

 and the bones are more strong and massive in their pro- 

 portions. The nearest approach to the ruminating form of 

 the skeleton is that of the solidungulous quadrupeds, where 

 we observe, as in the camels, three kinds of teeth in the 

 jaws. The jaws and face are there lengthened to reach the 

 turf, and the upper and lower maxillary bones are of great 

 depth, to lodge the long prismatic, quadrangular molar teeth. 

 The cranial cavity is small, as in all the pachyderma, and 

 the orbits are surrounded with an osseous ring, as in the 

 ruminantia. The transverse ridge of the occipital bone is 

 much elevated, for the attachment of the strong muscles 

 and ligaments of the neck. By the great development of 

 the interposed bones, the orbits are thrown to the extreme 

 lateral points of the head, and directed to the sides. The 

 ethmoid bone presents internally two large and deep fossae 

 for the olfactory tubercles, and the turbinated bones pre- 

 sent a very extensive surface, for the distribution of the first 

 pair of nerves. In their long neck, their long spinous pro- 

 cesses of the dorsal vertebrae, the compressed form of the tho- 

 rax, the lengthened form of the bones of the scapular and pelvic 

 arches and of their extremities, they more approach to the 

 ruminantia than to the ordinary short and massive forms of 

 the pachyderma, and the anchylosis which extends in the 

 ruminating quadrupeds only through the inferior row of the 

 carpal and tarsal, and through the meta-carpal and meta- 

 tarsal bones, is here continued downwards through the pha- 

 langes of the two middle fingers and toes to the extremity 

 of the hands and feet. 



In most of the ordinary pachyderma, as the pecari, the 

 babyrussa, the tapir, the hippopotamus, and the rhinoceros the 



