MUSCULAR SYSTEM. 17-* 



corporated with those of the prolonged nostrils. These 

 levator muscles of the heavy proboscis have a strong tendi- 

 nous attachment laterally (s,) to the zygojnatic bone, and the 

 anterior fasciculi (a,) are attached to the malar, the nasal and 

 the frontal bones. The upper portion of the orbicular is oris 

 (b,) is extended on each side along the base of the proboscis. 

 Below the levator muscles (s,) are seen the large branches of 

 the trifacial nerve proceeding forwards to the muscles of the 

 face and proboscis. Extending downwards and backwards 

 from the angle of the mouth, are several terminal fasciculi of 

 the platisma myoides or panniculus carnosus (c, d, q,) and be- 

 hind the ramus of the jaw is the large parotid gland, with 

 its duct passing forwards beneath the facial nerve. Above 

 the parotid is the attrahens aurem (o,) passing forwards to 

 the malar bone, and behind the outer margin of the ex- 

 panded orbicularis palpebrartim (a,) is the opening of the 

 short duct from the temporal gland. Beneath this gland 

 descends the powerful temporal muscle (k,) above which are 

 the detached portions of the large att aliens aurem, (m, n,) 

 destined to move in different directions the great expanded 

 concha of this animal. Detached muscular fasciculi (h, i,) 

 descend from the frontal to raise the skin in the region of the 

 eye-brows. The depressor labii inferioris (r,) is seen extend- 

 ing downwards from the margin of the lip, and the levator 

 anguli oris rising obliquely upwards and outwards from the 

 angle of the mouth. The panniculus carnosus, which is 

 scarcely perceptible over the trunk in the larger thick-skinned 

 pachyderma, is a strong, fleshy, subcutaneous layer in the 

 softer skinned ruminantia, where it extends from the trunk 

 over the neck to the head, and is attached both to the hu- 

 merus and to the femur. In the mammalia, covered with 

 spines, as the echidna, hedge-hog, porcupine, and in those 

 covered with imbricated scales, as the manis and the arma- 

 dillo, this muscle is also important in erecting or moving 

 these epidermic organs, and in coiling or uncoiling the body. 

 The neck is generally short, thick, and muscular in these ant- 

 eaters, or loricated insectivorous quadrupeds, to assist in exca- 

 vating the ground with their head in quest of food. In the ro- 

 dentia, as in birds, the pterygoid and the temporal muscles are 

 strong, and the pteryoid processes of the sphenoid bone have a 

 corresponding magnitude; their masseter muscle is also of great 



