ORGANS OF DIGESTION. 413 



or gall-bladder, commonly receives the single duct of the 

 bilobate pancreas near its entrance into the duodenum, and 

 the long flat spleen is attached to the paunch. 



Although the pachyderma do not ruminate, their kind of 

 vegetable food, the structure of their masticating and sali- 

 vating organs, and the general characters of their alimentary 

 canal, approach the nearest to those of ruminantia ; but as 

 they masticate and salivate their food before it is first swal- 

 lowed, they do not require the arrangement of gastric cavities 

 given for this purpose to the latter animals. The solidun- 

 gulous pachyderma have, therefore, only the fourth or true 

 digestive stomach of ruminantia, a single undivided elongated 

 sac, without internal partitions or external constriction, but 

 they have the same lengthened narrow small intestine with 

 an internal villous surface, the same large coecum-coli, and 

 the same long wide convoluted colon. Their colon and its 

 capacious coecum are rendered puckered and sacculated by 

 the usual three longitudinal bands of muscular fibres. They 

 have no gall-bladder, and their hepatic duct opens, by a 

 common orifice with the pancreatic, within four inches of the 

 pylorus. The stomach is as simple, though more elongated 

 in form, in the elephant and rhinoceros, but is slightly tri- 

 partite by two transverse constrictions in the American tapir, 

 and is still more deeply divided internally in the pecari and 

 other forms of the hog tribe. The strong muscular oeso- 

 phagus of the pecari enters the middle large cavity of the 

 stomach, the left portion of the stomach forms a great cre- 

 scentic cavity terminated by two coeca, and the wide pyloric 

 portion is partially detached by the internal extension of the 

 mucous coat ; but the mucous coat, as in other pachyderma, 

 has nearly the same characters over all the partially detached 

 gastric cavities. The stomach of the hyrax is divided by a 

 narrow contraction into two almost globular sacs, the first 

 of which is lined with epidermis not perceptible on the 

 second, and the commencement of the duodenum is enlarged 

 to form a smaller third sac ; the intestine and the colon are 

 nearly of the same length, and the ilium (FiG. 130. B. a) 

 terminates in a large irregular sac, which is the ordinary 

 ccecum-coli (130. B. b) ; the commencement of the colon 

 forms also a wide elongated cavity, and about the middle of 

 its course this irregular colon forms another enlargement, 



