(IX) 



scrapers and planes — Beta knife — Go-Hedge's knife : construc- 

 tion and illustration — Holloway's knives — Mackenzie's knife — 

 Collet's knife — Brown & Co.'s knives, construction and illustra- 

 tions — Eastern Produce and Estates Co.'s knive — Bowman's 

 and Northway's three knives: construction, method of use, and 

 illustrations — Dixon's knife: construction, improvements, and 

 illustration — Macadam's comb pricker — Macadam-Miller 

 paring knife. 



Chapter VI. 



How to Tap Para Rubber Trees 58 



Methods of tapping Para rubber trees — Methods of native 

 collectors in Brazil and the Gold Coast — Observations of 

 Jumelle and Bonnechaux — Modern methods — Single oblique 

 cuts, illustrated — V incisions, illustration showing a tree after 

 ten weeks' tapping — Limited area — Herring-bone system — The 

 photographs of trees in Ceylon tapped on the hering-bone 

 system — The ziz-zag method and its use — Spiral curves — F. 

 Crosbie Roles on the spiral method, yields and estimates — 

 Results of the spiral system in parts of Ceylon — Collecting and 

 storing of latex — Bury's protector — Centralizing the latex 

 from many trees, illustrated — Drip-tins : their construc- 

 tion and action illustrated — Keeping the latex liquid and 

 settling tanks — Method of marking the trees for tapping — 

 Collecting tins. 



Chapter VII. 



Where to Tap 69 



Occurrence of latex in parts of the plant — Rubber from young 

 parts of trees — Tapping virgin and wound areas — Wound 

 response and increased yields at Peradeniya, Java, and the 

 Straits — Interval between successive tappings and wound 

 respons: — Arden's results — Clotting of rubber in convex 

 wound areas — Method of formation of Para milk tubes — Best 

 yielding areas — Results of experiments from the base upwards 

 in the Straits and Ceylon — Illustration showing tapping from 

 6 to 16 feet and base to 50 feet at Henaratgoda — Yields 

 obtained from various levels at Henaratgoda. 



Chapter VIII. 



When to Tap 75 



Age or size as criterion — Resin in young trees of Castilloa rub- 

 ber — Analyses of rubber from 2. 4, (>, 8, Hi 12, and 30-year- 

 old Para rubber trees— Two-year-old tree illustrated — Age of 

 tapping trees in the Straits — Age of tapping trees in .Malacca — 

 Age of tapping trees in Ceylon — Age and size considered — A 

 manufacturer's opinion of rubber from 8-year-old trees — 

 Minimum size for tapping — How to increase the tapping area, 

 illustrated — Measurements of forked ami straight-stemmed 

 trees at Henaratgoda — The best season for tapping — Atmos- 



