40 TOBACCO IN AMERICA. 



marble, with nothing but a knife. The Indian makes 

 the hole in the bowl of the pipe by drilling into it a 

 hard stick shaped to the desired size, with a quantity 

 of sharp sand and water, kept constantly in the hole, 

 subjecting him therefore to very great labour, and the 

 necessity of much patience." The smoking stems 

 " are uniformly made of the stalk of the young ash, 

 which generally grows straight, and has a small pith 

 through the centre, which is easily burned out with a 

 hot wire or a piece of hard wood." 



With a brief notice of the War Pipe and the Peace 

 Pipe we will conclude this section of our labour. The 

 first, a true tomahawk, is smoked 

 through the reed handle, the to- 

 bacco being placed in the small 

 receptacle above the hatchet; 

 the smoke is drawn through 

 the handle, which is perforated 

 in its entire length, making it 

 the pipe-stem. The Calumet, 

 or peace-pipe, is the cherished heir-loom of the tribe, 

 and is decorated with all the splendour of savage 

 taste by the women, who vie with each other in ren- 

 dering it as showy as possible with birds' feathers 

 of the brightest colour, beads of various hues, and 

 bows of ribbon. Each Indian knows to what tribe the 

 pipe belongs at a glance, and it is only used on great 

 political or religious celebrations to ratify good feeling 

 by solemnly smoking it among the assembled tribes. 

 The bowl is made of the sacred red pipe-stone from 



