158 PERMANENT PLANTATIONS. 



under any or all of these circumstances, depend upon 

 the judicious selection of soil^ situation^ trces^ and va- 

 rieties^ and their proper arrangement and management. 

 These are the essential points, and every man who con- 

 templates planting to a greater or less extent, should 

 avail himself of all the light which experience has shed 

 upon these various branches of the subject, before making 

 the first movement towards the execution of his project. 



Section 2. — ^The Okchakd. 



The orchard is distinguished from the fruit garden in 

 this, that the trees planted in it are generally of the larg- 

 est size to which the species attain ; they are grown in 

 the natural, or, as it is called, standard form, without any 

 particular training, and the varieties are generally the 

 most hardy and productive of the species. 



1. The situation of an orchard with regard to exposure 

 or aspect, requires very little consideration in some parts 

 of the country. Where, as in Western E'ew York for in- 

 stance, the winters are uniform, or comparatively so, in 

 temperature, and late spring frosts do not prevail, the 

 main difficulties to guard against are the prevailing high 

 winds from the west and north that injure the blossoms 

 and blow off the fruit before it is mature. If possible, 

 a situation should be chosen where some natural obstacle, 

 as a hill or a belt of woods, would break the force and 

 influence of these destructive winds. Where no such 

 obstacle natm-ally exists, a belt or border of rapid grow- 

 ing trees, such as soft maples^ white pines, and Abeles, 

 should be planted simultaneously with the planting of 

 the orchard, that they may grow up and form a protec- 

 tion by the time the trees have come into bearing. 



In other sections, as in some of the central and south- 

 em counties of "New York, and in some parts of Ohio, 



