February, 1909 



THE CANADIAN H E T I C U L T U E I S T 



39 



Commercial Spraying 



The subject of "Commercial Spraying of 

 Apple Orchards" provoked a lively discus- 

 ion and was ably dealt with by a number of 

 xperienced orchardists at the last conven- 

 tion of the Ontario Fruit Growers' Associa- 

 tion. "As an apple buyer," said Mr. Maclt 

 Smith, of Burlington, "I always get the best 

 fruit out of sprayed orchards. Most farmers 

 are lax in the matter of spraying. This is 

 due largely to the fact that they sell their 

 prospective output to buyers early in the 

 season. One acre of apples properly looked 

 after will produce as much as 10 acres un- 

 cared for. The worst pest of our apple or- 

 chards is the codling moth. To control it 

 in my ow^n orchard, I spray and use 

 bondages. 



"In an orchard that I have had for about 

 four years, I conducted experiments in 

 spraying and recorded the results. In 1906, 

 the fruit graded 44 per cent. No. 1, 35 per 

 cent. No. 2, and 19 per cent, culls. In 1907 

 the result was 29 per cent. No. 1, 24 per 

 cent. No. 2, 37 per cent. No. 3, and 10 per 

 cent, culls. During these two years, the 

 spraying was left to hired help and the 

 results were not satisfactory. I decided, 

 therefore, to do the spraying this year in 

 person and the results were as follows: 80 

 per cent. No. 1, 20 per cent. No. 2, and prac- 

 tically no culls. The main variety in the 

 orchard was Ribston. For an insecticide in 

 the Bordeaux mixture, I use arsenate of 

 lead instead of Paris green ibelieving it to 

 be more effective." 



Mr. D. Johnson, of Forest, said that thor- 

 oughness in spraying is essential to suc- 

 cess. Slipshod methods are of no use. He 

 uses Bordeaux mixture and Paris green. 

 For the codling moth, the chief spraying is 

 jiorformed just after the blossoms fall. Mr. 

 I ihnson sprays four times during the sea- 

 ui and always sprays with the wind. He 

 stops his outfit three times at each side of 

 the tree so as to apply the material effect- 

 ively at all angles. Mr. Johnson stated 

 that he has not much faith in the much- 

 lauded "mist spray." He uses a nozzle that 

 will deliver plenty of material. "Our co- 

 , operative fruit growers' association has pur- 

 chased a gasolene power sprayer, which is 

 used in all our orchards. It is equipped 

 ith two hose, one to be operated by a 

 lan on a ladder and the other by a man 

 on the ground. Ten years ago, my orchard 

 of 25 acre.s yielded only about 400 barrels 

 of fruit. Since receiving careful spraying 

 and attention the yield has gradually in- 

 creased until last year 2,800 barrels were 

 harvested." 



"We must study the pests that we are 

 to coinbat and how to control them," said 

 Mr. Jas. E. Johnson of Simcoe, "if we de- 

 sire to be successful. Wo must spray thor- 

 oughly and at the right time, the' latter 

 point being the more important of the two. 

 In handling the codling moth, one day's 

 delay may ruin the whole crop of fruit, 

 liarge orchards should have more than one 

 spraying outfit. A hand sprayer will handle 

 from 10 to 12 acres, while a power sprayer 

 is good for only three or four acres more. 

 Spray four times: Fir.st. early in spring 

 for fungi; second, when buds are opening 

 '••r the bud moth; third, when the blossoms 

 U for the codling moth; and fourth, three 

 "1- four weeks later for tussock moth." Mr. 

 Johnson's method of spraying and the solu- 

 tions that he uses were described in the 

 !;irch issue of The Canadian Horticui,- 



IRIST. 



Mr. J. C. Harris, of Incersoll, said th:it 

 he does not spray until the Wossnms an- 

 about half fallen. To cover his orchard, it 

 takes about 10 days. He then repeats the 

 operation. He uses Bordeaux mixture and 

 Paris green. Mr. J. C. Caston, Craighurst, 

 referred to the great damage that is being 



done in some sections by the oyster-shell 

 scale. Mr. J. E. Johnson said that the use 

 of an excess of lime in the Bordeaux mix- 

 ture will kill it. 



Tree Pruning on Streets 



Editor, The Canadian Horticulturist: 

 —As I go about the country attending farm- 

 er's institute meetings and other business, 

 I see many very sad and deplorable 

 sights along the streets and roadways 

 through the country. The ignorance and 

 want of good judgment displayed by those 

 who undertake to prune the trees on the 

 streets and roadways is deplorable. There 

 is probably no other class of work where 

 so much mischief can be done in so short 

 a time and when done is beyond repair. It 

 would seem as though the Government 

 should take some steps to stop such wanton 

 destruction of the trees on our streets. Those 

 who do this work and those who employ 

 them seem to be oblivious to the fact that 

 when a tree is once butchered and practi- 

 callv ruined, no money can replace it; only 

 replantine and waiting for another to grow 

 again will replace the mischief done. 



Time only will set up a tree on or in front 

 of your property. My father often told his 

 sons and many other young men. "Boys, if 

 vou want a tree you must plant it and wait 

 for it to grow. You can build a house, a 

 warehouse or a barn in a few months." 

 How true this is and yet how few realize 

 the truth and importance of this fact ! 



The most serious mischief I have seen 

 done is in the towns ; where the trees *re 

 too thick, they have cut off the tops or 

 pruned them up so high as to completely 

 spoil them. These should have been thin- 

 ned out and allowed the otheio to spread 

 out. Heretofore, trees have been planted 

 both on the streets and roadways in the 

 country much too thickly. Thirty to 40 feet 

 is quite close enough for a city or town 

 and for the country 35 feet. I have seen 

 miles and miles of roadway with the trees 

 planted in each fence comer. This is 

 twice too close and any who have such I 

 would strongly advise to take out every 

 other tree. 



Much of the mischief in tree pruning has 

 been done both in the towns and country 

 by the telephone and traction companies' 

 men cutting ways for their wires over and 

 through the trees. In some cases, I have 

 seen the whole side of a beautiful tree cut 

 away; others I have seen with a space cut 

 right through the centre of a tree top. These 

 men should not be allowed to touch a tree 

 on the streets or roadway unless under the 

 direction and supervision of a competent 

 man. These men know nothing and care 

 less about how to cut or prune a tree. The 

 fact is that competent men to do this work 

 are few and far between. There arc only 

 two men that I know of in this city that I 

 can depend on to do this kind of work. Every 

 city, town and township should have a com- 

 petent man appointed by by-law with full 

 power and authority to do this work or 

 supervise it. There is an Ontario Statute 

 giving the municipalities the power to ap- 

 point such a person by by-law. This is an 

 important matter and I hope the cities and 

 towns will avail themselves of this Act. — 

 J. S. Pearce, Superintendent of Parks, 

 London, Ont. 



absolutely dishonest. To place the two latter 

 classes within control, a committee ap- 

 pointed by the Ontario Fruit Growers' 

 Association presented, at the convention 

 last November, a report on the question in 

 the form of a draft bill, which reads as 

 follows and which was approved by the 

 association : 



1. This Act may be cited as "The Nursery 

 dbntrol Act." 



2. In this Act the words "nursery stock" 

 shall mean any fruit tree, vine, shrub or 

 plant or any part of any fruit tree, vine, 

 shrub or plant. 



3. No person, firm or corporation shall 

 engage or continue in the business of grow- 

 ing and selling nursery stock or act as sell- 

 ing agent, solicitor or otherwise within the 

 province or shall import nursery stocK into 

 the province for sale without first having 

 obtained a license to carry on such business 

 in the province (Washington, Sec. 29) as in 

 the Act provided. 



4. All nursery stock sold within the pro- 

 vince shall be labelled with the true name 

 of the varieties and if importea. with also 

 the name of the place where grown. 



5. No person, firm or corporation or agent 

 of such person, firm or corporation engaged 

 in the sale of nursery stock shall substitute 

 other varieties for those ordered without 

 first having obtained the written consent 

 of the purchaser. 



6. Any nurseryman or agent of any nurs- 

 eryman shall be liable for damages in the 

 common courts of the province within 12 

 months after the trees come into bearing, 

 where fraud can be shown in the substitu- 

 tion of varieties or the sale of stock untrue 

 to name. 



7. No contract shall be made by any nurs- 

 eryman or agent of any nurseryman con- 

 taining provisions contrary to any section 

 of this Act. 



8. The Department of Agriculture for 

 Ontario shall publish yearly a complete list 

 of the persons, firms and corporations en- 

 gaged in any way in the nursery business, 

 such list to state clearly whether the parties 

 are bona fide growers of stock or agents 

 only. 



9. Licenses shall be issued from the 

 Department of Agriculture for Ontario on 

 application and shall be good for one year 

 from date of issue. Such licenses may 'be 

 suspended or cancelled by the Department 

 of Agriculture upon evidence satisfactory 

 to the department that the holder of the 

 license has sold nursery stock contrary to 

 any sections of this Act. 



10. Any person neglecting to carry out the 

 provisions of this Act shall upon summary 

 conviction, be liable to a fine of not less 



than $ and not more than $ , 



together with costs, and in default of pay- 

 ment thereof, shall be subject to imprison- 

 ment in the common gaol for a period of 



not less than days and not more than 



days. 



Control of Nursery Stock 



The sale of nursery stock by nurserymen 

 has not always been satisfactory to fruit 

 growers. The most annoyance has been 

 occasioned through the substitution of var- 

 ieties. Reliable nurserymen endeavor to 

 give every satisfaction but there are some 

 who are indifferent and careless. A few are 



We learn with regret of the retirement 

 of Mr. James Arthur Richardson from the 

 firm of Woodall & Co., Fruit Brokers, 

 Liverpool, England. Mr. Richardson can 

 claim the honor of being one of the princi- 

 pal pioneers in the apple trade from thia 

 continent. He commenced coming out here 

 in 1879 ,and in those days, when good roads 

 were scarce, locating apples and getting 

 growers and dealers to' ship was no easy 

 matter. Finally, however, they "caught 

 on," after years of effort, and his firm were 

 by far the large.st receivers of American 

 apples in Liverpool. To-day Mr. Richard- 

 son has many friends among the old ship- 

 pers that are now living as well as among 

 the younger ones. His genial disposition 

 always makes him a favorite with those 

 with whom he comes in coulacl. 



