OPERATIONS OF TILLAGE. 133 



his plough to d, enters it, and stops it there. He meas- 

 ures off fifteen feet from d to g^ and fixes his pole at g ; 

 and then he proceeds with his plough to e and /, repeating 

 the same operation with the poles as before, and returning 

 by the track of the last-made furrow from / to d. In this 

 manner he proceeds throughout the whole field, forming 

 open parallel furrows, at the distance from each other of 

 fifteen feet ; these furrows are to form the centres of the 

 future ridges. 



" The field is now prepared for being ploughed into 

 ridges, and the manner of doing so is this : — 



'' The ploughman, beginning at the left-hand side of the 

 open furrow, ploughs his first furrow-shce towards it. He 

 then, returning by the opposite side, performs the same 

 operation, causing the two first furrow-slices to rest upon 

 each other. 



" Thus, in forming his first ridge, he begins at the side 

 of «, and ploughing in the direction of a to c, he turns his 

 first furrow-slice into the open furrow a c. When he ar- 

 rives at c, he turns his plough right about ; and returning 

 from c to a, he lays his second furrow-slice upon the first 

 one, as at C, fig. 21. 



" In this manner he continues, always turning to the 

 right-hand side, and laying his furrow-slices towards the 

 centre of the ridge, until he has reached the boundary of 

 the ridge, E H, on the one side, and the line o 5, half 

 way between c a and d /, on the othpr. He has thus 

 formed a ridge, of which c a is the crown or centre, and 

 H E and o s the termination. By proceeding in this 

 manner throughout the field, the whole is formed into 

 ridges, of which the first-marked furrows are the centres. 



" It has been said that the ploughman continues turn- 

 ing his horses to the right, and that thus, having proceeded 

 from rt to c, he returns from c to a, and so on, always 

 ploughing round « c as a central line. When, however, 

 he has proceeded from a to c, he may turn his horses 

 left about, and return from /to c?, and so on, always lay- 

 ing his furrow-slices towards a c and / c?, respectively. 

 In this manner he will have ploughed the half of two 

 adjoining ridges, and terminated at the space o 5, half 

 12 XV. 



