814 THE EXTERIOR OF THE HORSE. 



Here may also be inserted 



The name and registration number of the horse, his price, his pedi- 

 gree, his performances, and the name and address of the proprietor. 



In the army, in breeding establishments, and in livery, omnibus, and 

 street-car stables the order of this outline may be a little different from 

 the preceding. We will give some examples farther on. 



The preceding headings require some explanatory remarks as to 

 details, which we will give below. 



1st. Sex, State of the Genital Organs. The words mare, 

 horse or entire horse, and gelding explain sufficiently this first phrase. 

 Nevertheless, it is necessary to note gelding bistourne, and not entire, a 

 horse which has been emasculated by subcutaneous torsion of the testic- 

 ular cord. (See Bistournage, page 178.) Likewise, we should designate 

 by the terms cryptorchid or monorchid a subject whose two testicles, or 

 only one of them, have not descended into the scrotum. On the other 

 hand, we designate entire the horse provided with only one testicle, and 

 in which the other has been removed for a therapeutic purpose, as, for 

 example, in the cure of strangulated hernia. In such cases this detail 

 should be indicated under the heading diverse peculiarities foreign to the 

 coat. The presence of a cicatrix of a special character at the place of 

 the absent testicle always enables us to distinguish an animal of this 

 kind from a true monorchid. 



There are instances (very rare) in which it is at first embarrassing 

 to name the sex of the animal under examination. We refer to 

 the so-called hermaphrodite horses, of which science has already fur- 

 nished quite a large number of examples. 1 These subjects are nothing 

 more than complicated cryptorchids with grave malformation and 

 atrophy of the external genital organs, in most instances having a 

 simple fissure of the perineum or of the sheath, to which is sometimes 

 added a median fissure of the canal of the urethra ; the latter mal- 

 formation is known under the name hypospadia. We need, conse- 

 quently, not hesitate as to the sex ; all observations agree in regarding 

 them as males, and not as females, nor as real hermaphrodites. Be- 

 sides, on autopsy, we constantly find the testicles either external to 

 the inferior inguinal ring, in the inguinal canal, or in the abdomen ; 



1 See, for more details, De Garsault, Le nouveau parfait marshal, ch. ix. pi. xxviii., Paris, 

 1770. 



J. B. Gohier, M6moires et observations sur la medecine et la chirurgie vet&rinaires, t. i. p. 

 27, Paris, 1813. 



A. Key, Deux exemples d'hermaphrodisme dans le cheval, in Journal de medecine vete"ri- 

 naire publi6 & 1'Ecole de Lyon, anne 1846, p. 230. 



I. Geoffroy-Saint-Hilaire, Histoire generate et particuliere des anomalies de 1'organisation, 

 t ii. p. 87. 



