66 



FARM FRIENDS AND FARM FOES 



a bed e 



MOUTH PARTS OF GRASSHOPPER 



a, labrum ; b, mandible ; c, tongue ; d, maxilla ; e, la- 

 bium. Magnified. 



The head varies greatly in shape with different species 

 of grasshoppers, but in general it is larger above than be- 

 low. From near the middle of the front there project two 

 slender feelers or antenna, each of which is composed of 



a number of dis- 

 tinct rings or 

 segments joined 

 together. Just 

 above the base 

 of each antenna 

 is a large com- 

 pound eye, the surface of which through a lens resembles 

 the surface of a honeycomb. Each eye has a great number 

 of hexagonal divisions : these are the facets which make 

 up the compound eye. There are three simple eyes on the 

 grasshopper's head two between the compound eyes and 

 one in the middle line above. These are very different in 

 structure from the compound eyes, being merely small, 

 round, lenslike objects. These simple eyes are often 

 called ocelli. 



Below are the mouth parts of the grasshopper. Begin- 

 ning from above, we see first a large four-sided flap or lip, 

 which moves up 

 and down on a 

 basal hinge ; this 

 is the upper lip 

 or labrum. Be- 



Nymph 



GRASSHOPPER 



Adult 



neath it there is a pair of rather large jaws or mandibles 

 attached so as to move sideways, and having sharp, toothed, 

 cutting edges. On the inside of the mouth between the 

 mandibles is the tongue ; and below this are the second 

 jaws or maxillce, while still lower is the underlip or labium, 

 with its labial palps or feelers. 



